Development Of A Child s Development - 829 Words

Development from birth to 19 Introduction For each section of development it is crucial that there is a wide range of ‘normal’ as each child s’ progress is individual. There can also be a delay in development due to constitutional or genetic diseases. There are many things that may influence a child’s development such as; parents, carers and the child’s peer group. There are seven areas of child development : Physical Development Communicational Development Understanding The World Numeracy Literacy Personal, Social Emotional Development(PSED) Art Design Physical Development 0-3 Years - A child’s physical development follows the simple pattern that goes from simple to complex, for example; crawling before standing. At this age a child also develops fine motor skills such as single limb movements and the use of hands. From birth a child can not hold their head up alone therefore a parent or carer has to support it. At this point a child may be able to sit up for a short time without support. Physical development is very important in a child s early years as it enables them to feed themselves with help from a parent or carer. Physical development also enables children to develop their muscles that they’ll need later in life and learn independant skills. By age One children are more under control of their movements. In their second year, children should have better ability to control their movement. During this time a child s fine motor skills develop at aShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of A Child s Development1297 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words) As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child’s development. I aim to gain more understanding on how to use observations to evaluate the child’s development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to developRead MoreLearning And Development Of A Child s Development2047 Words   |  9 Pagesoutline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words) As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child’s development. I aim to gain more understanding on how to use observations to evaluate the child’s development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to developRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Social And Emotional Development1377 Words   |  6 Pagesof child development there have been many scientific studies which have formed our understanding of children’s social and emotional development, within this essay I am going to look at some of the theses developmental theories and how they have impacted modern day society in understanding the development of a child’s social and emotional development. Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan (Santrock, 2008, p.5) Emotional development is theRead MoreThe Child s Language Development1475 Words   |  6 Pagesblends, but most of the phonemes of the child’s language are fully developed. In early childhood through school-age, the child’s language development will plateau; however, the interaction with social development increases the child’s pragmatic skills, which feeds into more refined expressive and receptive language. Social development becomes measurable when the child is in the experimenter stage. The emergence of the infant’s social and representational behavior reflects most clearly in communicationRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Cognitive And Physical Development811 Words   |  4 PagesHuman development involves a series of complex stages which bring about pivotal changes in a child’s cognitive and physical development. Ozretich and Bowman suggest other periods of rapid growth through middle childhood and adolescence such as moral development, self-concept, psychological and emotional traits, relationships to adults including parents, and peer relationships (2008). Undoubtedly, these dramatic psychosocial changes, when integrated with other biological fluctuations, impact childrenRead MoreThe Impact Of The On A Child s Development1737 Words   |  7 PagesParents: maybe the one of the biggest impacts on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. They can quite easily help or hinder their child’s development by their parenting style and the opportunities they afford for their children. The nuclear family has a mom and a dad, which is the societal norm. With the passing of gay marriage this year, the questions and prejudice of same-sex parents have been brought to light and revived. Concerns about whether or notRead MoreThe Period Of A Child s Development864 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s development is a critical time in their life. Their intellectual, physical, emotional, and social aspects develop during this time and can be easily influenced by those in the present environment. Our class was given the opportunity to observe Micah recorded at 3 years old and then again at 5. In the videos, he had just reached the pre-operational period and how he is fully immersed in it. The major development I noticed during the observations was Micah’s physical and motor development as wellRead MoreBullying And A Child s Development2710 Words   |  11 Pagesthere are rules created to aid the victim. There are various types of bullying and these are created to do one thing, instill superiority among the â€Å"stronger† and place a feeling of inferiority. Bullies are the ones who are detrimental to a child’s development. As the issue of bullying continues to be an overwhelming presence, some were pushed to their limits. In one girl’s case, the bullying was so harsh that she took her own life. Megan Taylor Meier, was described as a young girl who was very enthusiasticRead MoreErikson s Development Of A Child1428 Words   |  6 PagesWell, Erikson dedicated his time investigating the development of a child to adulthood. During that process, he recognizes the importance of the first four stages of the life cycle, simply because they are the â€Å"prerequisites in physiological growth, mental maturation, and social responsibility to experience and pass through the crisis of identity.† (d’Heurle Tash, 2004, Pg. 255) Those stages are imperative for his growth, without them, his future could possibly look bleak; ultimately, become troublesomeRead MoreThe Development Of A Child s Life821 Words   |  4 PagesChildren develop rapidly during their first years of life, and these years a re a critical part in their development as this is when the foundation for future development is laid (National Down Syndrome Society, 2012). This project provided the mothers of San Carlos, Belize with information regarding developmental benchmarks to help detect developmental delays and provide early intervention when needed. This project also provided teacher training, and student access to E-readers in the village of

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Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1016 Words

I used to be normal. I used to have friends and people who cared about me. I used to think I was safe in my mother’s arms. That I could grow up to be the person everyone would admire. But those days are gone. Not a single soul in the world could give a damn about me. Every day I am tormented and abused, and I take it all in because I deserve it. Every day I think of running away, leaving my wretched soul behind. Every day I want to kill myself, but I can never bring myself to. Every day I am an outcast to society, an abomination. Every day that goes by, I am still gay. And I can’t change who I am. I trudge through every school day, i ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬gnoring the taunts and insults thrown at me. â€Å"Fag† and other gay insults constantly shoot at me,†¦show more content†¦The scars are faded now; the pain is permanent. It all started in 7th grade. I was starting to feel attracted towards some of the guy friends I had. I was confused about it, because I used to have fantasies of me with girls. But in 8th grade, I realized that I was in fact gay. I hid it very well actually, so no one assumed anything until the summer of 8th grade. Cole Irwin, the most popular guy in our grade, had a summer bash party at his huge house. I was surprisingly invited, probably due to the somewhat popular guys in my friend group. At his house, I saw that he had invited people from other schools as well. Everyone was dancing, talking, and playing in the pool. It was a blast. Until later. My good friend, Liam, introduced me to a tall blond boy from another school. I was immediately attracted to him. His name was Luke, and we started talking. I learned a lot about him, and all was fine. He asked me if I had a girlfriend and I replied no, a fake pout on my lips. I asked if he did, and to my shock and disbelief, he whispered i nto my ear that he’s gay and no one knew about it. I could tell that he was slightly intoxicated by his breath, and would probably regret telling me this in the morning. I whispered back saying that I was gay and his eyes had lit up. Next thing I knew, he had led me to the balcony and kissed me. This sounds so clichà ©, but sparks flew and everything felt right in the world. â€Å"Michael! Luke! What the hell?† I heard Liam

A Review of Gladiator Essay - 668 Words

A Review of Gladiator Hail Caesar, and the return of the Roman Empire. From Quo Vadis to Spartacus, Hollywood has enjoyed a long and fore filling relationship with the sword-and-sandals epics and Ridley Scott (Alien Blade Runner), has released a monumental spectacle; managing to make this forgotten genre bigger, better and more bloody than ever before. Ridley Scott shines as a director through Gladiator. Not only has he managed to create the multiple plots to this complex epic, but has also used techniques that leave the audience breathless. The latest technology has been used to its full potential in this film, including flowing camera shots, crisp digital Dolby surround sound†¦show more content†¦The main story line follows the brave and true Roman General, Maximus Decimus Meridus who commands his troops with a forceful respect; The opening sequence pits Maximus and his men against their adversaries, the Germanics, in a battle that marks the end of a long campaign to bring peace to the Northern frontier of the Empire. Once achieved, the victorious Maximus returns to the front, only to find that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris) intends to name Maximus as successor to the Empire. This being very bad news indeed for the Emperors son Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), who is determined to rule the Empire on his own. Unfortunately he is an arrogant, selfish, and cowardly but skilled Roman who exhibits a twisted insecurity, with a incestuous lust for his sister Lucilla (Connie Nielsen). The irate Commodus mu rders his father in a fit of jealousy, and orders his men to execute Maximus. Maximus, in true Hollywood style, is always one step ahead, and manages to sidestep Commodus evil scheme, but discovers, to his horror, that he is now Father to a murdered son, Husband to a murdered wife. To make things worse Maximus is banished to a distant outpost of the mighty Empire, and held captive as a slave. Maximus continues, plotting what he is going to do next, but all he can see is a burning red andShow MoreRelatedReview of the Gladiator Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesReview of the Gladiator At start of the film the shots are close up to the Robin seating on the branch. A Robin has connotations of winter and morning, as this is the time when the Robins usually come out and bird is a symbol of freedom. 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There are many myths surrounding the gladiators. Most people think that the gladiators were savage and would fight each other to the death every time they entered the arena. Many people are alsoRead MoreGladiator Movie. vs History1409 Words   |  6 Pagesor actually cared about the citizens of Rome. The movie Gladiator portrays Roman life and the gladiatorial games. Really though, how does the movie compare to the history of the Roman Empire? I am really interested in the actual history of the gladiators and the movie is one of my favorites. That’s why I chose to do my review on it and I came to find out that the movie didn’t give me the information on the real life and times of the gladiators. In the movie, after the death of the emperor, MaximusRead MoreGladiator, by Ridley Scott1120 Words   |  5 Pagesone film that stands out among the rest has to be Gladiator. Gladiator can be argued as one of the greatest action movies of all time, and for good reasons. The soundtrack, dialogue, and characters have no equal in the revenge action category of film, and can be considered tops of pure action films. Gladiator is a perfectly well rounded movie that adds the best of all worlds to create the masterpiece seen today. Ridley Scott’s masterpiece, Gladiator, was released to the public in 2000. Received withRead MoreSummary Of The Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins961 Words   |  4 PagesJaye Ghio Period 1 Hunger Games Review As I read The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the story seemed familiar on a personal level although I had never read the book or saw the movie before. The descriptions of the lives of teenagers Cato, Katniss, Peeta, and Gale and their battle scenes was like a mixture of video-war games, ancient Roman gladiator battles, and some reality TV shows I’ve watched. The story made me think about almost any video war gameRead More Gladiator Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesGladiator There have been many sports movies made over the years. 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The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Parental Viewpoint Free Essays

O Springer 2009 Journal of Business Ethics (2010) 91:299–311 DOI 10. 1007/s10551-009-0084-2 The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children: Parental Viewpoint ABSTRACT. The children’s market has become significantly more important to marketers in recent years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children: Parental Viewpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have been spending increasing amounts on advertising, particularly of food and beverages, to reach this segment. At the same time, there is a critical debate among parents, government agencies, and industry experts as to the ethics of food advertising practices aimed toward children. The present study examines parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeting children. Findings indicate that parents’ beliefs concerning at least some dimensions of moral intensity are significantly related to their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of food advertising targeting children as well as the perceived moral intensity of the situation. KEY WORDS: parents, children, ethics, food advertising The children’s market has become signi? cantly important to marketers (McNeal, 1998). Many marketers spend millions of dollars on advertising to reach this growing segment (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). More speci? cally, food and beverage companies in the USA spend an estimated US $10–12 billion targeting hildren and adolescents (McKay, 2005). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, children are exposed to more than 7,600 commercials on candy, cereal, and fast food in any given year (Kotz, 2007). The effects of advertising on children have been highly debated among various groups, including parents, researchers, industry experts, and governme nt agencies. One of the primary debates has been the potential impact of food advertising directed at children. A variety of institutions are involved in this debate. Some of these organizations such as public advocacy groups criticize the food companies and elevision networks concerning the increased amounts spent as well as the types of promotional efforts targeted Aysen Bakir Scott J. Vitell at children (York, 2007). Furthermore, statistics provide substantial concern about obesity, showing that approximately 50% of elementary-school children and 80% of teenagers will battle obesity during their lifetime. There is also debate among practitioners on advertising practices directed at children, with even marketing professionals indicating concern about advertising targeted at children. When interviewed, 35% of them consider the general ethical and moral tandards in the industry to be ‘‘lower than in the past,’’ with 40% believing that these standards are ab out the same (Grimm, 2004). Thus, only 25% believe the standards are improved. Some companies have already started taking actions to deal with criticisms and even with government warning. In Europe, soft-drink companies have developed self-regulatory measures to stop advertising junk food and to help tackle child obesity. To avoid stricter laws, soft-drink companies have pledged to stop marketing towards children under 12 years old. The companies also have pledged to limit soft-drink sales at schools (Wentz, 005). Other countries in Europe, however, have been taking an even stricter stance on regulations; for example, starting in 2005, Ireland introduced a ban on celebrities who appear in food and beverages targeted at children (Jardine and Wentz, 2004). Furthermore, some companies have also responded to government calls by promoting active lifestyles when targeting children in food ads. McDonald’s, in the UK, ran a campaign that featured Ronald McDonald and used animated fru it and vegetable characters which were called Yums. These characters urged children to eat right and stay active (Jardine and Wentz, 2004). Given all these statistics showing the potential impact of food advertising targeting children, parents 300 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell are concerned over whether or not marketers have been conducting ethical practices in promoting their products. However, this issue has not received signi? cant attention in the marketing literature. This paper attempts to ? ll this apparent gap by examining parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeted at children. In doing so, it also examines the potential impact of parents’ attitudes toward food advertising and toward the use of nutrition information on their thical judgments and behavioral intentions. Marketing ethics and advertising to children Advertising to children has long been one of the most controversial areas of marketing. The debate ranges from whether or not it is even ethical to advertise to children and includes the types of advertising practices that might be considered ethical. At the center of this debate is food advertising targeted at children. The impact of advertising to children has been shown in previous studies (Goldberg and Gorn, 1974; Gorn and Goldberg, 1977). Findings include the fact that low-income children exposed to a commercial just nce had favorable attitudes towards the advertised product (Gorn and Goldberg, 1977). Furthermore, these authors found that exposure to television ads among 5- and 6-year-old children directly in? uenced breakfast food and snack preferences (Goldberg et al. , 1978). Finally, exposure to advertisements has also been shown to in? uence the frequency of snacking among children (Bolton, 1983). Advertising has been criticized for promoting materialism, persuading individuals to buy things they do not need, and providing false or misleading information (Pollay and Mittal, 1993). Parents’ concerns toward the impact of advertising directed at hildren have risen signi? cantly in the last decade (Hudson et al. , 2008). These concerns have also been expressed by academicians (Moore, 2004). However, only a limited number of studies have examined ethical issues aimed at the children’s segment (Ahuja et al. , 2001; Hudson et al. , 2008). Despite these increased concerns and the ensuing debate, parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeting children have not been examined in the marketing literature. Ethical judgments and behavioral intentions Understanding how parents view and make decisions about ethical issues targeted at children is important to marketers. Several factors might in? uence ethical decision-making, including situational factors (Hunt and Vitell, 1986) and individual differences (Hunt and Vitellm, 1986; Jones, 1991). Ethical (or unethical) behavior is in? uenced directly by the ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of the individuals. An individual’s ethical judgment is de? ned as ‘‘the degree to which he or she considers a particular behavior morally acceptable’’ (Bass et al. , 1999, p. 189). Ethical judgments have been considered a central construct in several ethical decisionmaking models (Dubinsky and Loken, 1989; Hunt and Vitell, 1986; Jones, 1991). These decision-making theories provide an understanding of how an individual’s behavioral intentions and ethical judgments are relevant to making decisions in situations involving ethical issues; for example, the theory of reasoned action suggests that individuals act in a manner consistent with their attitudes. On the other hand, other factors might cause individuals to develop behavioral intentions that might be inconsistent with their attitudes (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Past research has also shown that individuals are more likely to state their behavioral intentions if they perceive the situation as ethical (Bass et al. , 1999). Furthermore, Hunt and Vitell (1986, p. 9) de? ned behavioral intentions as ‘‘the likelihood that any particular alternative will be chosen. ’’ The authors also suggest that ethical judgments would impact the individual behavior through behavioral intentions. Overall, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions are important constructs to gain insights regarding advertising directed at children. Attitude toward food advertising As noted, research examining parents’ attitudes toward advertising, particularly to food advertising, directed at children is limited. Past studies examined the relationship between family communication atterns and parental reactions toward advertising (Rose et al. , 1998), and parental involvement The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children and authoritative parenting and attitude toward advertising (Carlson and Grossbart, 1988). Only one study examined the relationship between attitude toward food advertising and p arental styles (Crosby and Grossbart, 1984). The authors found differences regarding attitudes toward food advertising based upon parental styles, with more authoritative parents being more concerned about children’s food advertising as compared with more permissive parents. Governments and health advocates in different countries are trying to introduce stricter regulations on food advertising targeting children since they blame marketers for increased levels of childhood obesity. In France, food marketers are faced with choosing between paying a 1. 5% tax on their ad budgets to fund healthy-eating messages or else adding a health message to commercials. In Canada, one-third of children between 2 and 11 years old are overweight and some marketers are promoting healthy lifestyles for children. Given the different proportions of childhood obesity problems from ne county to the next, multinational food marketers such as McDonald’s now have differing strategies in each country based on how they must undertake this global challenge (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). Clearly, advertisers have been questioned about their ethical standards. Although there is increased discussion among parents regarding the potential impact of advertising and concern about how eth ical (or unethical) advertising practices are towards children, this issue has not been adequately researched. Since the relationship between parents’ attitude toward food advertising and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions f the advertising tactics targeted at children has not been examined in the marketing literature, this study focuses on those parental perspectives. Therefore, based upon the previous discussion, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward food advertising will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H2: Parents’ attitude toward food advertising will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H1: 301 Attitude toward use of nutrition information Concerns about children’s nutrition include multiple actors. Some of these concerns are centered on nutrition de? ciencies in children’s diets due to economic facto rs, poor eating habits, and inadequate nutritional knowledge of parents. The government has taken several steps to deal with children’s nutrition problems by being involved in school lunch programs, regulation of children’s advertising, and nutrition education in schools (Crosby et al. , 1982). Research has also shown the positive impact of parental in? uence and nutrition education (Grossbart et al. , 1982). Parents’ attitudes toward the use of nutrition vary from one parent to the other. Furthermore, parents, particularly mothers, wield a signi? cant impact on children’s consumption of a balanced diet and exposure to a variety of foods. Previous research has shown that mothers who endorsed nutrition information had more positive attitudes toward nutrition and expressed more concerns about food advertising targeted at children (Crosby et al. , 1982). Therefore, it is further hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H4: Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition nformation will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H3: Moral intensity Jones (1991) de? nes moral intensity as ‘‘the extent of issue-related moral imperative in a situation’’ (p. 372). Furthermore, he suggests that ethics-related contexts vary with their level of mo ral intensity. Jones (1991) identi? ed six categories (magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, concentration of effect, proximity, and social consensus) of the moral intensity construct. The ? rst four items refer to the various dimensions of harm the action might cause. More speci? cally, magnitude of consequences refers to the cumulative 302 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell harm (or lack thereof) the action might cause. Probability of effect refers to the likelihood that the action will cause harm (or lack thereof). Temporal immediacy refers to ‘‘the length of time between the present and the onset of consequences of the moral act in question (shorter length of time implies greater immediacy)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376). The concentration of effect refers to the number of people who would believe that the action would cause harm (or lack thereof). Proximity is the ‘‘feeling of nearness social, cultural, psychological, or physical)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376) that the individual has for those affected by the action in question. Finally, social consensus is the extent of the feeling that action taken is good (or not). Moral intensity is a multidimensional construct that measures the moral intensity of the si tuation. Ethical decision-making process must be in? uenced by the perception that the potential action has a moral or ethical facet that needs to be evaluated (Barnett, 2001). For marketing practitioners, studies have shown that perceived moral intensity affects the perception of ethical problems in various situations Singhapakdi et al. , 1996a; Singhapakdi et al. , 1999). Furthermore, past studies also have shown that moral intensity in? uences behavioral intentions of the individuals in ethics-related situations (Robin et al. , 1996; Singhapakdi et al. , 1996a). Also, Hunt and Vitell (1986) suggest a theoretical link between intentions and ethical judgments. Therefore, moral intensity would also be expected to in? uence ethical judgments. The relationship between moral intensity and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions has also been empirically shown (Barnett, 2001; Vitell et al. , 2003). Thus, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward moral intensity will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H6: Parents’ attitude toward moral intensity will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H5: contexts (e. g. , Singhapakdi et al. , 1996c; Singhapakdi et al. , 1999). Forsyth (1980) suggests that idealism and relativism can be considered as individual differences that might impact individuals’ judgments of moral issues. Idealism measures an individual’s acceptance of universal moral absolutes. This construct focuses on the assumption that, if ight actions are taken, this will lead to desired outcomes. On the other hand, relativism measures individual’s rejection of universal moral tenets (Forsyth, 1980). Therefore, the conceptualization of these constructs might suggest that individuals who are more idealistic would be more likely to have higher ethica l judgments and behavioral intentions. Previous research provides some support for these relationships (Singhapakdi et al. , 1996c). Relativism is de? ned as a belief that moral standards are relative to one’s culture or society. Forsyth (1992) also indicates that relativistic individuals might ormulate their decisions based on skepticism and evaluate situations based on other than ethical principles. Furthermore, relativistic individuals evaluate what is right or wrong based on the speci? cs of the situation (Park, 2005). Forsyth (1992) also indicates that idealism and relativism are not contrary concepts, but rather independent of each other; for example, an individual might have high scores both on idealism and relativism, which indicates that the person might simultaneously accept absolute moral rules and yet also evaluate the alternatives available based upon the speci? c situation and its possible onsequences. Therefore, parents would evaluate each of the advertising ta ctics directed at their children on a situation-by-situation basis. Since food advertising directed at children has received signi? cant attention recently due to the health concerns of children and increased obesity rates (York, 2007), speci? c types of advertising tactics such as potentially developing unhealthy eating habits might be received more negatively due to their apparent impact on children. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ idealism will be related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at hildren. H8: Parents’ idealism will be related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H7: Idealism and relativism Idealism and relativism have been used to measure moral philosophies in various marketing-related The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Parents’ relativism will ethical judgments of the geted at children. H10: Parents’ relativism will behavioral intentions of targeted at children. H9: be related to their food advertising tarbe related to their the food advertising Method Sample The survey was sent to parents at several schools ocated in the Midwest. The researchers contacted the schools and got permission to send the survey to parents at the schools that agreed to participate in the study. The number of schools that participated in the study provided signi? cant diversity in terms of economic background. The majority of the sample included educated and employed middle-income families. Of the 1,020 surveys sent, 189 surveys were completed, for a response rate of 18. 52%. Of the 189 surveys, 28 surveys had missing data for individual questions. Among the respondents, 78% were mothers and the rest of were fathers. Table I isplays the complete demographics of the respondents. Procedure Once the school principals gave permission, the researchers contacted the teachers from kindergarten to eighth grade. The teachers in each grade sent the ques tionnaires home to parents with the children. Once the parents ? lled out the questionnaires, the children returned the completed questionnaire to the schools. Measures and reliability The dependent variables were behavioral intentions and ethical judgments. The independent variables were moral intensity, idealism, relativism, attitude toward food advertising aimed at children, and ttitude toward the parents’ use of nutrition information. 303 TABLE I Demographics of the respondents Variable Parent Mother Father Age of the parent 29 years old or under 30–39 years old 40–49 years old 50–59 years old Education level of the parent High-school degree Some college degree College graduate Some graduate study Graduate degree Household income (US $) 100k Work status of the parent Working full time Working part time Not working No. of children One child Two children Three children Four children More than four children % 78. 1 21. 9 4. 8 48. 9 39. 8 6. 5 5. 4 19. 4 38. 7 5. 4 31. 2 12. 2 14. 5 26. 6 3. 9 22. 8 67. 9 17. 1 15 18. 7 42. 2 27. 3 7. 5 4. 3 Moral intensity This scale measures parents’ attitude toward moral intensity in a given situation. This construct was developed by Jones (1991) and includes six dimensions. However, the scale used to measure the construct was developed by Singhapakdi et al. (1996b). Responses were measured by a seven-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The harm dimension included three variables: magnitude of consequences, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect. The other two items were proximity and social consensus. The reliability of the harm scale was 0. 85 for the 304 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell ?rst scenario, 0. 91 for the second scenario, and 0. 86 for the third scenario. Idealism and relativism This scale measures the extent of individual’s acceptance of moral absolutes, whereas the relativism scale measures the extent of individual’s rejection of universal moral principles. The two scales were developed by Forsyth (1980). The ten items for each scale were measured utilizing a seven-point Likerttype scales, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 83 or idealism and 0. 84 for relativism. Attitude toward food advertising This scale measures parents’ attitudes toward food advertising directed at children. The scale is adapted from a Carlson and Grossbart (1988) study and includes six items. The parents’ extent of agreement was measured by a ? ve-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 80. Attitude toward use of nutritional information This scale measures parents’ use of nutritional information. The scale was originally developed by Moorman (1998) and includes four items. The parents’ extent of agreement toward the use of nutritional information were measured by a ? ve-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 82. Scenarios This study utilized three scenarios to measure parents’ behavioral intentions and ethical judgments relative to speci? c situations. Ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were then measured by using a seven-point Likert scale asking the respondents the extent they agree/disagree with the questions. For measuring ethical judgments, the following statement was used, ‘‘I consider the action taken to e very ethical,’’ whereas for measuring behavioral intentions, the following statement was used, ‘‘I would be likely to take the same action in this situation. ’’ Therefore, a greater degree of agreement with the action taken indicates that the respondents had higher ethical levels of behavior al intentions and ethical judgments. At the end of each scenario, the action taken by an advertiser was presented. The scenarios focused on addressing some of the current advertising practices used to target children. The ? rst scenario addresses the use of ‘‘advergames’’ targeting children. Children are playing these games n the Internet in a branded context. The games provide product-related information and even ask children to contact their friends. The second scenario focused on some of the highly debated advertising practices at schools. A food company sponsors programs at schools and child care centers. During visits, the company provides entertainment with well-known characters and exposes children to samples of their potentially unhealthy food products. The third scenario centers on a candy and cereal company who is considering selling books that spotlight the client’s brand. Children can play and learn counting by using sugar-? led sweets an d cereals. The books use the company’s brand as an example in their plays and counting. The scenarios were pretested. The results indicated that most respondents believed that the actions taken by the advertisers in all of the scenarios were unethical. The majority of the respondents also indicated that they disagreed with the actions taken in the three scenarios. Data analysis and results The hypotheses were tested separately for each of the three scenarios. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the hypotheses. H1 measured whether parents’ attitude toward food advertising is ositively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. The three scenarios tested did not indicate signi? cant differences. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 926; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 933; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 724. Thus, parents’ attitude toward food advertising was not related t o their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H2 measured whether parents’ attitude toward food advertising is positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. Again, none of the three scenarios resulted in signi? cant differences. The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children 305 TABLE II ANOVA analysis: scenarios 1, 2, and 3, dependent variable: ethical judgments Variable Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Idealism Relativism Attitude toward Attitude toward Scenario 1 p Value harm consensus proximity food advertising use of nutrition Scenario 2 p Value Scenario 3 p Value 0. 000 0. 095 0. 288 0. 206 0. 200 0. 926 0. 093 F(7, 152) = 26. 835 0. 000 0. 037 0. 772 0. 166 0. 006 0. 933 0. 822 F(7, 158) = 11. 334 0. 000 0. 000 0. 255 0. 633 0. 60 0. 724 0. 127 F(7, 160) = 21. 468 TABLE III ANOVA analysis: scenarios 1, 2, and 3, dependent variable: behavioral intentions Variable Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Idealism Relativism Attitude toward Attitude toward Scenario 1 p Value harm consensus proximity food advertising use of nutrition Scenario 2 p Value Scenario 3 p Value 0. 000 0. 000 0. 091 0. 732 0. 162 0. 854 0. 223 F(7, 153) = 18. 707 0. 000 0. 002 0. 539 0. 186 0. 036 0. 643 0. 116 F(7, 157) = 17. 721 0. 000 0. 005 0. 809 0. 567 0. 081 0. 554 0. 004 F(7, 160) = 16. 315 The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 8. 707, p 0. 854; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 643; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 554. Thus parents’ attitude toward food advertising was not related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. Tables II and III display these ? ndings. H3 measured whether parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information is positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. The three scenarios tested did not indicate signi? cant differences. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 35, p 0. 093; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 822; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 127. H4 measured whether parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information is positively related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. There were no signi? cant differences regarding the ? rst two scenarios, but there were signi? cant differences on the third scenario among parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information and its relation to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. The ANOVA esults were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 223; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 116; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 004. H5 measured whether parents’ attitude concerning moral intensity is positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. Moral intensity was measured by three separate dimensions: harm, social consensus, and proximity. There were signi? cant differences on the harm construct among three scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 8 36, p 0. 000; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 000; 306 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 000. Furthermore, there were signi? cant differences on the social consensus construct for the second and third scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 095; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 037; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 000. Finally, there were no signi? cant differences on proximity among three scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 288; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 772; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 55. Thus, overall H5 was at least partially supported. H6 measured whether parents’ attitude concerning moral intensity is positively related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. Parents’ attitude toward the harm and social consensus dimensions indicated signi? cant differences among three scenarios. The ANOVA results for harm were: scen ario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 000; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 000; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 000. The ANOVA results for social consensus were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 00; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 002; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 005. On the other hand, parents’ attitude toward proximity did not indicate any signi? cant differences among three scenarios. The ANOVA results for proximity were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 091; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 539; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 809. H7 measured whether parents’ idealistic moral philosophy is related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. Parents’ idealism was not signi? cantly related to their ethical udgments. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 835, p 0. 206; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 166; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 633. H8 measured whether parents’ idealistic moral philosophy is related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. Again the results were not signi? cant. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 732; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 186; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 567. H9 measured whether parents’ relativistic moral hilosophy is related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H10 mea- sured whether parents’ relativistic moral philosophy is related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H9 and H10 were partially supported. Parents’ relativism was signi? cantly related to ethical judgments and intentions for the second scenario. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 835, p 0. 200; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 006; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 2 1. 468, p 0. 060. There were no signi? ant differences among parents’ relativism regarding the behavioral intentions for the ? rst and the third scenarios. The ANOVA results for relativism were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 7162; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 036; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 081. Discussion This paper examined parents’ views of the ethics of food advertising targeted at children. The marketing literature, surprisingly, has not examined this topic. This study attempts to ? ll this gap by examining how parents view various types of food advertising directed at children. Children as consumers have ecome signi? cantly more important to marketers in the last decade. Marketers have heavily promoted their products to this segment and spent millions of dollars on advertising to reach this segment (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). Food advertising represents a signi? cant portion of all advertising spending for marketers while food a dvertising targeted at children has received signi? cant criticism from both parents and public policy-makers. The ? ndings of the study provide interesting insights. Parents were asked to respond to three different scenarios outlining various food advertising strategies directed at children. Furthermore, parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were measured for the three scenarios. One of the independent variables was parents’ attitude toward food advertising. The ? ndings indicated that parents’ attitude toward food advertising did not affect their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions concerning speci? c food advertising directed at their children. One of the reasons for not ? nding a signi? cant relationship might be due to the measurement of other food advertising practices targeted at children in the scenarios that was not included in the The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children cale measuring attitudes toward food advertising. This ? nding provides important implications for marketers which might indicate that parents evaluate speci? c food advertising targeted at children independently of their potential views on general food advertising directed at children. Thus, marketers who are cognizant of the potential harm of advertising to children might still be highly regarded by consumers even if the consumer, in general, has negative or skeptical views of advertising to children. Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information displayed interesting ? ndings. The third scenario, in particular, focused on speci? c implications of a food product that might have unhealthy eating implications for children. Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutritional information for this scenario was related to their behavioral intentions. On the other hand, there were no signi? cant relationships between an attitude toward the use of nutrition and ethical judgments of food advertising targeted at children for any of the scenarios, including scenario 3. Parents might have not perceived using well-known characters to distribute food company products at schools and child care acilities to have any potential harm. The lack of a relationship between an attitude toward the use of nutritional information and ethical judgments of food advertising targeted at children should be considered on a scenario-by-scenario basis; for example, for the ? rst scenario, it might be that parents did not really think the advergames and the use of well-known characters to distribute food company products at schools and child care facilities presented any potential unethical practices. Particularly, advergames are new promotional tools used on the Web to attract adults and children within a branded context. Advergames are somewhere between advertising and computer games and include product-related information from the companies with the use of games or part of a game (Nelson, 2002; Mallinckrodt and Mizerski, 2007). Past studies also suggest that advergames might be more persuasive for young children than traditional advertising (Oanh Ha, 2004). Parental awareness of advergames targeting children needs further investigation in future research. Future research should also examine how parents use nutritional information in their food purchase decisions to have a better understanding of the relationship between attitude 307 oward use of nutrition information and ethical perspectives regarding food advertising. Moral intensity signi? cantly affected parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. This ?nding offers signi? cant implications for marketers and public policy-makers. Parents indicated concerns regarding the potential harm of various food advertising targeting childre n in the three scenarios. It is important that marketers should be more careful when they create their advertising tactics targeting children. It might also be that more regulations might be needed to address parental concerns regarding the potential effects of food dvertising. The moral intensity measure of proximity was not signi? cantly related to the ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of parents. Proximity measures the ‘‘feeling of nearness (social, cultural, psychological, or physical)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376) that the individual has for those affected by the action in question. It might be that parents considered the action taken unethical whether the results affected their friends/relatives or not. The ?ndings relative to social consensus and its effect on their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were signi? cant, in most instances. Thus, parents did consider what others might think about a speci? c situation when forming their ethical judgments and intentions. The ethical perspectives of idealism and relativism also provide some insights regarding parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Findings indicated that there is no signi? cant relationship between parents’ attitude toward idealism and their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Parents, in this study, may not have perceived the scenarios as situations that should carry universal moral absolutes. On the other hand, parents’ attitude toward relativism signi? antly affected their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions but only for the second scenario. Relativism might be more likely to in? uence opinions on a situation-by-situation basis. The second scenario in particular expressed potential unhealthy effects on children. Therefore, parents might have perceived this scenario as involving questionable ethical pr actices. Our study has some limitations. Although parents were instructed to ? ll out the questionnaire individually or as a couple, we could not verify whether or not they communicated with each other. This raises the 308 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell possibility of a potential demand artifact. Secondly, although survey methods provide important information on individuals’ perceptions and beliefs, qualitative methods would bestow more detailed information on parents’ perceptions and attitudes. Future research should focus on more qualitative techniques to have a deeper understanding of perceptions and attitudes. Third, our ? ndings provide insights only from parents in the Midwestern USA. These ? ndings are not yet generalizable to other cultures or subcultures. Understanding parents’ perspectives on advertising directed at children is important. Future research should focus on a more detailed parental perspective to uncover how parents make judgments on whether advertising directed at children is ethical or not. Qualitative studies might provide more in-depth understanding. Uncovering these issues might minimize the discrepancy between parents and marketers. The debate on the effects of food advertising targeted at children has intensi? ed in the last several years among academicians, public policy-makers, and marketers. Companies need to respond better to the food-related debates in society, particularly to those related to healthy eating and ethical food marketing. In conclusion, our ? ndings assist both research and theory in the children’s advertising ? eld. With the increasing prominence of ethics in business/ marketing research, this study presents important ?ndings that advance our understanding of the potential antecedents to the ethical decision-making process for parents in situations involving advertising directed toward their children. We trust that the results generated by this research can be successfully used to guide future ethics research projects in this growing ? eld. Appendix A: scenarios Scenario 1 A food company whose products are, in part, argeted at children is planning to use ‘‘adver- games’’ (online games in which a company’s product or brand characters are featured). It is also considering encouraging children to contact their friends about a speci? c product or brand as part of their new advertising campaign. The company is considering using the internet, rather than more traditi onal media such as television, due to the highly debated relationship between aggressive food advertising and increased obesity among children. Action: The company decided to use Internet advertising for their new campaign. Scenario 2 An advertising agency recommended that their client sponsor programs at schools and visit child care centers. These sponsored programs would make a ?nancial contribution to each school and child care center. During these visits the company would provide entertainment with the company’s wellknown characters and provide a sample of the company’s food products to children. If they do this, children who are less than 5 years old would be introduced to a range of products that might be considered ‘‘unhealthy. ’’ Action: The sponsor decided to conduct these visits to the child care centers/schools and provide a sample of their products. Scenario 3 A candy and cereal company is considering selling books that spotlight the client’s brand. These children’s books provide content on ‘‘counting and playing. ’’ Children can play checkers with various fruit-? avored candies and can learn to count using various forms of calorie and sugar-? lled sweets and cereals. The books use the company’s brand as an example for the ‘‘counting and playing’’ content. Action: The candy and cereal company decided to sell these books to children. The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Appendix B: scale items 309 APPENDIX B continued Moral intensity 4. The overall harm (if any) done as a result of the action would be very small Harm 2 The action will harm very few people, if any Harm 3 The action will not cause any harm in the immediate future Proximity If one were a personal friend of the person(s) harmed, the action would be wrong Social Most people would agree that the action is consensus wrong 5. Harm 1 6. 7. 8. Idealism 9. 1. A person should make certain that their actions never intentionally harm another even to a small degree 2. Risks to another should never be tolerated, irrespective of how small the risks might be 3. The existence of potential harm to others is always rong, irrespective of the bene? ts gained 4. One should never psychologically or physically harm another person 5. One should not perform an action which might in anyway threaten the dignity and welfare of another individual 6. If an action could harm an innocent other, then it should not be done 7. Deciding whether or not to perform an act by balancing the p ositive consequences of the act against the negative consequences of the act is immoral 8. The dignity and welfare of people should be the most important concern of any society 9. It is never necessary to sacri? ce the welfare of others 10. Moral actions are those which closely match ideals of the most ‘‘perfect’’ action 10. Attitude toward food advertising 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2. 3. There are no ethical principles that are so important that they should be part of any code of ethics What is ethical varies from one situation and society to another Moral standards should be seen as being individualistic; what one person considers to be moral may be judged to be immoral by another person There is too much food advertising directed at children Advertisers use tricks and gimmicks to get children to buy their products Advertising to children makes false claims about utrition content of food products There is too much sugar in the foods advertised to children Advertising teaches children bad eating habits Advertising directed at children leads to family con? ict Attitude toward use of nutritional information Relativism 1. Different types of moralities cannot be compared as to ‘‘rightness†™â€™ Questions of what is ethical for everyone can never be resolved since what is moral or immoral is up to the individual Moral standards are simply personal rules which indicate how a person should behave, and are not to be applied in making judgments of others Ethical considerations in interpersonal relations are so complex that individuals should be allowed to formulate their own individual codes Rigidly codifying an ethical position that prevents certain types of actions could stand in the way of better human relations and adjustment No rule concerning lying can be formulated; whether a lie is permissible or not permissible totally depends upon the situation Whether a lie is judged to be moral or immoral depends upon the circumstances surrounding the actions 1. 2. 3. 4. 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Franke: 1999, ‘Antecedents, Consequences and Mediating Effects of 311 Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27(1), 19–36. Vitell, S. , A. Bakir, J. Paolillo, E. R. Hidalgo, J. Al-Khatib and M. Y. A. Rawwas: 2003, ‘Ethical Judgments and Intentions: A Multinational Study of Marketing Professionals’, Business Ethics: A European Review 12(2), 151–171. Wentz, L. : 2005, ‘Pop Stops Kids’ Marketing In Europe’, Advertising Age, January 30 issue. York, E. B. : 2007, ‘Another Study Slams Food Ads Aimed at Children’, Advertising Age, September issue. Aysen Bakir Department of Marketing, Illinois State University, Campus Box 5590, Normal, IL 61790-5590, U. S. A. E-mail: abakir2@ilstu. edu Scott J. Vitell School of Business Administration, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, U. S. A. E-mail: svitell@bus. olemiss. edu Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. 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Question: Discuss about the CVM and Managerial Leadership. Answer: Introduction The competing value framework is an effective tool utilised by the organisations for determining the efficiency of the overall organisation and efficiency of the individual involved. This according to Quinn et al., (2007) was initially developed for understanding the performance of the organisation. The tool has utility for understanding various organisational and individual phenomenons like theory of effectiveness, organisational culture, competencies of leadership, organisational design, organisational quality, stages of life cycle development, organisational design, financial strategy, leadership role, brain function, and information processing. Managerial leadership on the other hand is an integral part of organisational management. Organisationalmanagement is the combined process of planning, organising, leading and controlling the resources held by the organisation with the aim of gaining productivity to attain the objectives. Hence, the managers are empowered with a vast range of responsibilities to fulfil the business needs. The responsibilities of the manager exceed beyond planning or risk assessing and include giving direction to the workforce towards the aim of the organisation. This requires the managers to develop various kinds of leadership style for addressing various workplace situations. This report will focus on identifying the importance of competing value framework in the organisation with particular focus on the managerial leadership. Competing Value Framework The determination of the organisational efficiency that is identified using competing value framework is calculated under two major dimensions that are organisational focus and organisational preference for structure. Efficiency of the organisation under each dimension is determined between two extents under each dimension. The organisational focus incorporates internal emphasis and external emphasis. Internal emphasis speaks for the well-being and development of the individual stakeholders within the organisation; whereas, the external emphasis focuses on the well-being and development of the organisation itself. The preferred structure on contrary focuses on the two contrasting end, which are flexibility and control or stability (Quinn et al., 2007). This forms fur quadrants of the model that helps determining the state of the organisation. It is important for an organisation to be flexible for adapting rapid change in the society in the competitive market. However, it is also impo rtant formanagement to have significant control over the business process, which creates a paradox condition in the organisations. Four majormanagement models such as human relation model, open system model, rational goal model and internal process model again represent each of the quadrants. The first model lies between the flexibility and internal emphasis and strains on the morale, cohesion, and human resource development within the organisation. The open system model on the other hand stands between flexibility and external forces. This focuses on the external factors that are growth, readiness, resource acquisition and external import with more flexible approach. The rational goal model as identified by Lavine (2014), focuses on the external factors of the organisation with a more controlled approach. This requires the managers in formulating plan, setting goal, and increasing productivity and efficiency in order to increase the affectivity. Lastly, the internal process model as mentioned by Ferreira (2014) represents the internal factors with greater control. This is helps in communication, information man agement, stability and control. Managerial leadership Leaders and managers are broadly segregated from each other and they are defined separately due to their role and approach taken. The responsibilities of a managers lies with controlling, directing and managing the activities in the organisation that helps to achieve specific goals of the organisation. The roles played by the leaders are more inspirational that helps in motivating the subordinates and guide them throughout the work. The contemporary trend and situations in the market make it more necessary for the managers to incorporate leadership approach in order to attain the goal of the organisation. Managerial leadership, as defined by Galvin et al., (2014) is the combination of both that enables the manager to reshuffle their roles depending on the demand of the situation. It is important for the managerial leaders to develop flexibility, humble and down-to-earth approach as leadership may involve incorporation of culture, belief and ethics. The leaders should value subordinat es opinions and belief to develop a healthy managerial relationship in the workplace. Disrespecting others values and culture can lead to conflict in workplace. Managerial leaders can adopt any of the available styles of leadership as per the requirement of the situation. Importance of Competing Value Model in Managerial Leadership The competing value model has its usefulness and can be implemented in various grounds in an organisational context. One of the major areas of implementation of CVM framework for both identification of the efficiency and development of the process is the managerial leadership roles. This further helps in developing better understanding similarities and differences of the leadership applicability in various grounds. Galvin et al., (2014) in his study described eight different categories of roles. The criterion of an effective leader is to develop the ability in playing these multiple and competing leadership roles. Interpretation of CVM for Managerial Leadership As described earlier, the CVM framework has two major dimensions that are organisational focus and organisational preference for structure. This can be implemented in case of managerial leadership, which can further be studied in accordance of the four quadrants mentioned. As communicated by Melo, Silva and Parreira (2014) the four quadrants or model of CVM represents eight leadership roles. This helps the managers under any organisations to efficiently handling the uncertainty, disruption and competing demands. The human relationship model as communicated by Melo, Silva and Parreira (2014) seeks the managers to take a more flexible approach and work as an empathic mentor and process focused facilitator. This helps the managers in keeping the employees motivated all time for gaining greater performance. The leadership approach here requires encouraging the employees for collective efforts, promoting cohesion and teaming work, and managing conflicts. This requires managers to develop communication among the team members for avoiding undesired circumstances. Communication of the vision and mission with the employees helps aligning their focus towards productivity (Purce, 2014). This also helps in encouraging them. The motivation on the other hand helps the managers in developing team and managing possible conflict that might occur in the workplace. This requires the manager in adopting the transformational leadership that allows him or her attain success through greater communication and inspi ring ability. Open system model on the other hand focuses on innovation and negotiate the approach of the managerial leaders. The leaders in this case have to address the innovation in respect to market demand for avoiding the downfall of the organisation. Innovation of the products is of optimum priority of comparative market settings that requires the managers to appreciate change in the market as well as modifying the business process accordingly to the change for gaining competitive advantage (Sapra, Subramanian Subramanian, 2014). Various case exists in that can be referred as the strategic leadership failure due to the lack of adaptability of the managers to the upcoming change in the market trend. The leaders that ultimately led the company can consider Nokia and Blackberry case as one of the cases of adaptability failure by the management. The key processes of the bringing change in the organisation are problem-solving, adaptation, innovation and change management. The external resource m anagement and sustaining legitimacy on the other hand is another responsibility that helps the organisation to hold competitive advantage. This further requires the communication skill for effective negotiation and value proposition in the market. The leader under the rational goal model plays the role of producer and director for determining the productivity and profit of the organisation. This is known as the organisation for both identifying risk and implementing strategy. This strategic management involves the leaders in risk assessment, market analysis and strategic planning for avoiding the undesired circumstances that may lead to the strategic failure. (Melo, Silva Parreira, 2014) Failure of the appropriate strategic planning for both external and internal process in directing towards the organisational goal attainment leads to the business failure. The producers, on the other hand, are responsible for task planning. This is similar to the overall strategic planning, which requires focusing on the risk assessment for identifying the potential threat of a particular task, and planning accordingly to hold high productivity of the team. Leaders in the internal process model lastly require the managers to monitor and coordinate the employees for tracking and increasing the productivity. Monitoring includes the review of performance matrix for understanding organisational efficiency (Krishnaiah et al., 2014). This further includes the concept of communication for transferring the results that in turn fulfils the need of motivation in the organisation for gaining greater productivity. Conclusion It is possible to conclude from the above discussion that managerial leadership is of critical importance in determining the organisational efficiency. The contemporary competitive market scenario makes it necessary for the managers to reflect efficient leadership approach in various aspect of the business process. Competing Value Model is an effective tool in identifying the effectiveness of an organisation, which can be used identifying the compatibility of managerial leadership in an organisation. The above study reflects that various quadrants of the CVM framework successfully communicate numerous roles of the managerial leaders in handling different aspects of the business operations, which ensures the success of the organisation. However, failure in adopting proper managerial leadership approach can result into strategic failure that ultimately reduces the productivity of the organisation. The leaders need to address necessary management theories gaining success in the operatio ns. References Ferreira, A. I. (2014). Competing Values Framework and its impact on the intellectual capital dimensions: evidence from different Portuguese organizational sectors.Knowledge Management Research Practice,12(1), 86-96. Galvin, T., Gibbs, M., Sullivan, J., Williams, C. (2014). Leadership competencies of project managers: An empirical study of emotional, intellectual, and managerial dimensions.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,6(1), 35. Krishnaiah, Y. S., Xu, X., Rahman, Z., Yang, Y., Katragadda, U., Lionberger, R., ... Khan, M. A. (2014). Development of performance matrix for generic product equivalence of acyclovir topical creams.International journal of pharmaceutics,475(1-2), 110-122. Lavine, M. (2014). Paradoxical leadership and the competing values framework.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,50(2), 189-205. Melo, R. C., Silva, M. J., Parreira, P. (2014). Effective leadership: competing values framework.Procedia Technology,16, 921-928. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., Clair, L. S. S. (2007).Becoming a master manager: A competing values approach. John Wiley Sons Inc. Sapra, H., Subramanian, A., Subramanian, K. V. (2014). Corporate governance and innovation: Theory and evidence.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,49(4), 957-1003.

Buying vs Leasing free essay sample

What would be the best option for a company to lease or purchase equipment? Each business owner’s situation is different. The decision to buy or lease business equipment is unique. It must be made on a case-by-case basis. Leasing equipment preserves capital giving the business more flexibility. While leasing can be good in the short run it can cost you more in the long run. We will look at the advantages and disadvantages of leasing. My research will look at the different options a company faces if they lease or buy and why it has become more attractive to lease. First let’s start by describing the basic concept of a lease. Some leases are merely rentals, whereas others are effectively purchases. FASB classifieds lease as an operating lease or a capital lease. A lease must meet one of the following criteria’s to be considering a capital lease. The lease is greater than 75% of the property’s estimated economic life, the lease contains an option to purchase the property for less than fair market value usually at a bargain price, ownership of the property is transferred to the lessee at the end of the lease term, or the present value of the lease payments exceeds 90% on the fair market value of the property. The lessor transfers the right to use the property to a lessee. Lessor is the finance company and lessee is the person leasing. The lessee makes one-time or periodic payments to the lessor in return for the use of the property. Leased asset can either be tangible property such as a home, office, car, airplane or computer. If you run a business and have to decide to lease or buy here are some benefits of leasing to consider. Less cash up front means conserving capital. A lease can also provide services to the equipment by giving it maintenance. Lease payment terms tend to be longer which makes payment more attractable. The ability to upgrade equipment is a benefit in growing businesses that need to keep up with technology. One advantage of leasing business equipment is that it allows you to acquire assets with minimal down payment or no down payment at all. This is good to your cash flow. The more cash your company shows and has makes it more attractive to its investors. Lessor has certain roles, they are customers to the manufacturers, and they are customers offering a crucial distribution. Leasing equipment provides he lessee with all the following benefits utilizing the equipment without having to pay the up-front costs or assuming the risk of ownership. A lease is one of the best ways for businesses to stay on top of the development curve. With so many new developments that occur specially in technology areas equipment leasing is less financially expensive. To the airlines they are a more affordable method of supplying what they need. While there continues to be turmoil in the financial markets commercial lenders focus premier on credits and a lot of the airlines won’t qualify to buy an airplanes. That is why leasing has become popular among the airline. The airlines are coming to the conclusion that it might be better for someone else to own the assets. Let’s take into consideration why airlines would lease its commercial jets. When making the decision to buy or to lease the company must consider financial implications and options including the value of the money. Operating leases are for terms shorter than expected life of the aircraft, and the asset typically need not appear on the balance sheet. A capital finance lease covers the useful life of the aircraft. A sale-leaseback arrangement involves purchase of the aircraft and use for a short period of time, followed by sale to the lessor who then leases the aircraft back. Airlines are more increasingly turning to operating leases to bear the risk of a slump. American Airlines is one example of having the flexibility of going bankrupt and tear up leases and return the planes back. While it makes sense for airlines to rent airplanes the case can be made in the opposite direction. Airlines can also be better off buying planes and keeping them for their full lifespan of 30 years or so. Like house, then, buying is cheaper than renting in the long term. While leasing has both advantages and disadvantages. Let’s take a look at the disadvantages. The lack of ownership would be a main disadvantage. You are obligated to make payments and when a lessee encounters financial distress, the lessor typically becomes its largest creditor. If a lessor decides to reduce exposure and recall its leased aircraft, an airline can no longer operate. Lessors require payments for all aspects of airplane utilization and rent, meaning maintenance reserves and so on. The cash flow becomes much tighter while if they own their own jets they have much more flexibility. According to Boeings Zolotusky, it comes down to two basic considerations, the quality of the aircraft involved and the customer involved. Businesses can change operations and it may be expensive and difficult to terminate a lease before the end of the term. If the business owns the property it might be easier to sell and make money rather than losing all of its assets and getting nothing in return. In some cases of leasing when it’s time to renew the owners might demand higher rental payments putting the lessee at a disadvantage. Lessors offer a very sensible business proposition. For airlines that want to be primarily airlines, it’s a very attractive and efficient service. If the operators want to focus on the service of getting people on planes, they don’t want to focus on the business of asset ownership and management. Most states charge substantial sales or use tax on the purchase of or use of an aircraft’s. However in the case of leasing the aircraft the tax can be avoided entirely. An aircraft leasing company can create a win-win situation for both the aircraft investor and the State. The rules are good for the state because the state charge sales tax on interest payments, which would not be taxable. The tax deferral can have permanent benefits where as is often the case, the investor only holds the aircraft for a few years. However, if the investor uses a leasing company, the tax cost will be unchanged. The other advantage to using an aircraft leasing company is the resale exemption to purchase parts and labor tax-free. It would also reduce the risk of other states imposing a tax. Using the aircraft leasing company will not generate any negative FAA and income tax consequences. Income tax consequences can me more complex because of the special rules that apply to leasing companies, including the passive activity loss rules. One way to avoid this problem is by a leasing company which is a single member LLC owned by the user. The single user is ignored for tax purposes and treated as a separate company for sales tax purposes. However it may not be the case for all States. In conclusion aircraft leasing can save companies thousands of sales tax dollars. Being an owner of an aircraft can give you the right to depreciate it for tax purposes but only the interest, no principal will be deductible. While for some companies facing potential alternative minimum tax issues, a lease payment would fully be deductible. Lessors assume a residual value to the aircraft being leased; they can typically offer a lower rental payment. However to optimize the cash flow benefit, leases usually must be for a longer term. It not only allows more cash in your pocket but it can also your lines of credit open. Leasing can remove long-term debt from the balance sheet. Many lease agreements qualify as an expense, no debt. Companies like this because it makes the balance sheet seem more attractive. In the end I think airlines have fewer cost if they lease rather than buying their commercial jets. Leasing can also take away the financial burden of buying them and to provide temporary increase in capacity. My findings let me to the conclusion that leasing can be a better option for business owners. Owners can have more capital and grow more rapidly by leasing. While leasing businesses are generating revenue by benefiting from equipment. Lease payments are considered expenses rather than assets, which can offset revenue when calculating taxable profit at the end of the tax period. In the airlines case if they wish to grow they have more flexibility by leasing the aircrafts. Also, a company with international operations may have options, in terms of structuring the acquisition, that make the option of leasing more desirable option. Since the leases for aircraft typically offer a lower rental payment it can increase the airlines cash flow. Leasing can also help the airlines by keeping their credit open making it easier to borrow. Its relative easier to lease in the credit market than buy using the credit. A lot of airlines file for Chapter 11 and don’t have sufficient credit to borrow later on. Leasing gives them an option. In my opinion leasing is best option and offer many financial benefits. Your business can grow by leasing. It can help businesses safeguard cash flow by paying for equipment as it generates revenue. If the equipment gets outdated leasing gives businesses the option of updating it. Depreciation also is a major consideration. For assets that depreciate rapid due to wear and tear or through becoming obsolete leasing can prevent significant loss on value. Leasing could permit the use of the equipment while it’s new and then on completion of lease it can be updated or returned. Maintenance is also another advantage. Lessors try to give best maintenance since they are still the owners of the property. Leasing provides the flexibility to businesses that want to grow. It is why I conclude that leasing is the best choice in this competitive market place where technology is constantly changing and businesses must keep up with improvements to stay competitive. References Earl K. Stice, PhD: Intermediate Accounting:2010,2007 South-Western ,Cengage Learning The Economist Newspaper: The Economist, 2012,Buy or Rent? Pam Newman: Entrepreneur :2006 Leasing Vs Buying: Which is Best for You?