Poet’s emphasis Essay Example for Free

Poet’s accentuation Essay In spite of the fact that sonnet A contain a topical solidarity however it is showed that poet’s accentuation stayed on making a homogeneous melodious entire as opposed to building up the subject in an elaborative manner and in a raised poetical way. There is feeble wistfulness that invades the entire sonnet. The most significant deformity of the sonnet is that it considers a wide scope of human jobs throughout everyday life and attempted to finish this human experience into a definitive truth of death. In this endeavor, writer neglects to make a unifocal and powerful effect about death in the psyche of the peruser. In spite of the fact that the primary however isn't customary or universal yet writer doesn't present any philosophical features, mental effect or some other special reflection about death. Besides, he can't show an extraordinary ability in utilizing expressions of the human experience and ingenuities of stanza. So sonnet is a degraded disappointment. Artist can't appreciate the visual joy of death or experience the ill effects of it agony and dread. He just changes starting with one job then onto the next job with the tragic death of the first. Individual Preferences Ranking Poem F Poem C Poem D Poem E Poem B Poem A Poem F The topic is same as other sonnet positioned above yet topical articulations is the most significant thing that raises this sonnet over every single other sonnet. Topical articulation showed in an unpretentious and fragile manner. So delicacy of thought blends with stature of artistic articulation. Unpretentious figurative attributions to seasons are another significant element of the sonnet. He doesn't depend on a solitary arrangement of analogies or image yet he utilizes the budgetary images in the following quatrain to bunch his message and ably relates it to the principle subject of death and obliteration. The most lovely line of the sonnet is line 7 where he ends the impact of death. He is of the view that by proliferation and recovery, one can create his very own reproduction self, so demise can not obliterate him. He can overcome the demise and annihilation. Henceforth these off-spring(s) will make â€Å"thee living†. So artist has pitched the however at a more elevated level as contrasted and other writer and have used his language abilities to make a successful articulation to pass on that style. Writer doesn't show any secret or interest about death. In the event that demise brings about hopelessness and dread, it likewise brings rest and harmony. Artist nullifies both these customary idea and gives another thought that demise doesn't end life on the off chance that one wishes to. He can repeat kin like him and this is a continuation of his life. There isn't mystical reflection in the sonnet and everything is introduced and spoken to in away from with the assistance of solid symbolism.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 26

Section TWENTY-SIX Picking the Lock to Davy Jones' Locker † ‘Bite me'?† Libby Quinn stated, perusing the tail. The whale tail gradually bent in space, pixel by pixel, as the PC extrapolated the new point. Margaret Painborne sat at the PC. Dirt and Libby remained behind her. Kona was working over the room on Quinn's reassembled machine. † ‘Bite me'?† Clay rehashed. â€Å"That can't be right.† He contemplated the thing Nate had said about observing a tail simply like this and shuddered. Margaret hit a couple of keys on the console, at that point turned in Clay's seat. â€Å"This a joke, Clay?† â€Å"Not mine. That was crude film, Margaret.† As alluring as Clay discovered Libby, he discovered Margaret similarly alarming. Perhaps the last in light of the previous. It was mind boggling. â€Å"The tail picture before you moved it is actually what I saw when I was down there.† â€Å"You've all been stating how advanced their correspondence capacity was,† said Kona, attempting to sound logical however basically simply irritating everybody. â€Å"How?† said Libby. â€Å"Even on the off chance that you needed to, how might you paint a whale's accidents like that?† Margaret and Clay just shook their heads. â€Å"Rust-Oleum,† proposed Kona, and they all turned and frowned at him. â€Å"Don't give me the smell eye. You'd need the waterproof, huh?† â€Å"Did you wrap up those pages?† Clay said. â€Å"Yah, mon.† â€Å"Well, spare them and go rake something or cut something or something.† â€Å"Save as a binary,† Margaret included rapidly, however Kona had just spared the document, and the screen was clear. Margaret wheeled her seat over the workplace, her silver hair trailing out behind her like the Flying Sorceress of Clerical Island. She pushed Kona aside. â€Å"Crap,† she said. â€Å"What?† asked Clay. â€Å"What?† asked Libby. â€Å"You said spare it,† Kona said. â€Å"He spared it as an ASCII record, a book document, not a twofold. Poo. I'll check whether it's okay.† She opened the document, and text showed up on the screen. Her hand went to her mouth, and she sat back gradually in Clay's seat. â€Å"Oh, my God.† â€Å"What?† came the tune. â€Å"Are you sure you put this in, similarly as it fell off the graphs?† she asked Kona without taking a gander at him. â€Å"Truth,† said Kona. â€Å"What?† said Libby and Clay. â€Å"This must be a joke,† said Margaret. Mud and Libby stumbled into the space to take a gander at the screen. â€Å"What!† â€Å"It's English,† Margaret stated, highlighting the content. â€Å"How is that possible?† â€Å"That's not possible,† Libby said. â€Å"Kona, what did you do?† â€Å"Not me, I just composed ones and ohs.† Margaret snatched one of the legitimate pages with the ones and ohs and started composing the numbers into another record. At the point when she had three lines, she spared it, at that point revived the record as text. It read, WILL SCUTTLE SECOND BOAT TO__ â€Å"It can't be.† â€Å"It is.† Clay hopped into Margaret's lap and begun looking through the content from Kona's interpretation. â€Å"Look, it continues for some time, at that point it's simply gobbledygook, at that point it goes on some more.† Margaret glanced back at Libby with Save me in her eyes. â€Å"There is no chance that the melody is conveying a message in English. Paired was a stretch, yet I will not accept that humpbacks are utilizing ASCII and English to communicate.† Libby glanced over to Kona. â€Å"You folks removed these from Nate's tapes, precisely the manner in which you demonstrated me?† Kona gestured. â€Å"Kids, take a gander at this,† Clay said. â€Å"These are all advancement reports. Longitude and scope, times, dates. There are directions here to sink my vessel. These fuckers sank my boat?† â€Å"What fuckers?† Margaret said. â€Å"A humpback with ‘Bite me' on his flukes?† She was attempting to check out Clay's wide back. â€Å"If this were conceivable, at that point the naval force would have been utilizing it quite a while ago.† Presently Clay bounced up to confront Kona. â€Å"What tape is this last part from?† â€Å"The last one Nate and Amy made, the day Nate suffocate. Why?† Dirt sat back on Margaret's lap, looking shocked. He highlighted a line of text on the screen. They all inclined in to peruse: QUINN ON BOARD__WILL RENDEZVOUS WITH BLUE-6__AGREED COORDINATES__1600 TUESDAY__NO PASTRAMI â€Å"The sandwich,† Clay said unfavorably. Simply then Clair, home from school, ventured into the workplace to find an unrehearsed canine heap of activity geeks before Quinn's PC. â€Å"All you rats need to be a piece of a sandwich, and you don't have a clue how to manage one woman.† â€Å"Not the spoon!† screeched Kona, his hand setting off to the goose egg on his brow. Nathan Quinn arose feeling as though he expected to slither out of his skin. In the event that he hadn't felt it previously, he would have thought he had the nonexclusive heebie-jeebies (experimentally), yet he perceived the inclination as being hit with substantial subsonic sound waves. The blue-whale transport was calling. Because it was underneath the recurrence of his hearing didn't mean it wasn't uproarious. Blue-whale calls could travel ten thousand miles, he expected that the boat was putting out comparative sounds. Nate sneaked out of his bunk and about fell going after his shirt. Something else he hadn't saw promptly †the boat wasn't moving, he despite everything had his ocean legs on. He dressed rapidly and headed down the passage to the extension. There was a huge support that spread over the region between the two whaley-kid pilots that hadn't been there previously. In contrast to the remainder of the boat, it seemed, by all accounts, to be man-made, metal and plastic. Sonar scopes, PCs, gear that Quinn didn't perceive. Nuã ±ez and the light lady, Jane, were remaining at the sonar screens wearing earphones. Tim was situated adjacent to one of the whaley young men at the focal point of the reassure before two screens. Tim was wearing earphones and composing. The whaley kid gave off an impression of being simply viewing. Nuã ±ez saw Nate come in, grinned, and motioned for him to approach. These individuals were totally awkward as captors, Nate thought. Not a proportion of fear among them, the people at any rate. Notwithstanding the subsonic heebie-jeebies, he would have felt right comfortable. â€Å"Where did this come from?† The gadgets looked amazingly rough close to the exquisite natural structure of the whale transport, the whaley young men, and, so far as that is concerned, the human group. Comparing structures between human-assembled gadgets and natural frameworks hadn't generally happened to Nate before on the grounds that he'd been molded never to consider creatures planned. The whale transport was placing a profound mark in his Darwin. â€Å"These are our toys,† Nuã ±ez said. â€Å"The comfort remains underneath the floor except if we have to see it. Absolutely superfluous for the whaley young men, since they have direct interface with the boat, however it causes us to feel like we recognize what's going on.† â€Å"And they can't type for shit,† said Tim, tucking his thumbs under and making a pummeling the-keys motion. â€Å"Tiny thumbs.† The whaley kid close to him trumpeted a raspberry all over Tim's screen, leaving huge specks of shading amplified in the whaley spit. He tweeted twice, and Tim gestured and composed into the PC. â€Å"Can they read?† Nate inquired. â€Å"Read, sort of compose, and the vast majority of them comprehend in any event two human dialects, in spite of the fact that, as you presumably saw, they're not showy talkers.† â€Å"No vocal cords,† said Nu;ez. â€Å"They have air chambers in their minds that produce the sounds they make, yet they make some hard memories shaping the words.† â€Å"But they can talk. I've heard Em †I mean, them.† â€Å"Best that you simply learn whaleyspeak. It's fundamentally what they use to converse with one another, aside from they keep it in the scope of our hearing. It's simpler to learn on the off chance that you've learned other apparent touchy dialects like Navajo or Chinese.† â€Å"I'm apprehensive not,† Nate said. â€Å"So the boat is calling?† Tim pulled off his earphones and gave them to Nate. â€Å"The pitch is raised into our range. You'll have the option to hear it through there.† Nate held an earphone to one ear. Since he could hear the sign, he could likewise feel it start and stop all the more intensely in his chest. On the off chance that anything, it mitigated the uneasiness, since he could hear it coming. â€Å"Is this a message?† â€Å"Yep,† said Jane, pulling up an earphone. â€Å"Just as you suspected. We type it in, the PC places the message into pinnacles and troughs on the waveform, we play the waveform for the whaley young men, and they cause the whale to sing that waveform. We've aligned it over the years.† Nate saw that the whaley kid at the metal reassure had one deliver a natural attachment fitted into the front of the support †like a substance link that rushed to the whale transport through the comfort's base, like the ones on the tissue comforts the pilots utilized. â€Å"Why the PCs and stuff at all if the whaley young men do everything by†¦ what? Instinct?† The whaley kid at the reassure smiled up at Nate, squeaked, at that point played out the worldwide sign for a hand work. â€Å"It's the main way we can be in the loop,† Jane said. â€Å"Believe me, for quite a while we were only in the interest of personal entertainment. The whaley young men have the equivalent navigational sense that the whales themselves do. We don't comprehend it by any stretch of the imagination. It's a type of attractive jargon. It wasn't until the Dirts †that is you †created PCs and we got a few people who could run them that we turned out to be a piece of the procedure. Presently we can surface and pull a GPS facilitate, transmit it, speak with different groups. We have some thought of wha

Does teaching yoga to older adults improve their overall health Research Paper

Does instructing yoga to more seasoned grown-ups improve their general wellbeing - Research Paper Example 2. Leading an overview or a genuine analysis to determine the impact of yoga on the general soundness of grown-ups would confine the researcher’s ends to the populace in a specific territory where the person in question had led the trial or study. On the off chance that the analyst wishes to make a delegate end for the more seasoned grown-up populace across various states, the person in question can do as such with an efficient survey. 3. (Identified with number 2) Budgetary, coordinations and time imperatives to making an across the country or interstate examination will be disposed of on the grounds that the information is as of now gathered for the specialist. The scientist won’t need to travel that long and won’t need to dish out cash for the costs of printing our many review structures. This is perfect for undergrads particularly those that despite everything have subjects since they won’t need to step away for a while from their classes to achieve th e examination. The imperative lies on the association and the choice of articles remembered for the audit since this involves a really long time of burdensome library and PC examine wherein a large portion of the articles the specialist will peruse won't cause it to the last rundown of articles that will to be remembered for the orderly survey. Testing: Choosing the articles will require the library information base of the college just as its entrance to various printed and online diaries. Articles remembered for the examination ought to be results of direct, subjective or quantitative research which are peer surveyed and originated from respectable diaries. No audit articles will be incorporated. Just articles distributed inside the range of 3 years including the current year will be consolidated in order to stay up with the latest. The periods of the members in the articles ought to be at the very least 45 years, to agree to the â€Å"older adult† classification in the expl oration question. Articles ought to be centered around the impacts of yoga on various features of wellbeing (enthusiastic, mental, ecological, social, otherworldly, and physical) †these impacts must incorporate both positive and negative response to yoga. Among the articles that have passed these rules, a last rundown of 30 articles will be remembered for the real efficient audit paper. This will require the specialist to show restraint, persistent and thorough in doing the choice and making the polished product of articles remembered for the last paper. Key Variables: Two kinds of information are relied upon to be assembled and analyzed for this survey †subjective and quantitative information. Subjective information like fulfillment in the impact of Yoga, saw improvement in the personal satisfaction, and declarations of yoga professionals will be ordered and summed up then introduced as content in the last paper. The subjective information can likewise be nominalized and introduced in a chart with the recurrence of individuals that was a noteworthy improvement in their prosperity with yoga. Quantitative information will likewise be summed up and fitting diagrams will be introduced for every wellbeing feature. The if information accumulated didn't utilize the p-test to measurably approve their speculation then a re-investigation of the information and standardization of the informational collection will be done as to make it analyzable by test measurements that can be

Law of Numbers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law of Numbers - Essay Example [2] On the off chance that a coin is hurled commonly, the more occasions it is hurled, the probability of the quantity of heads in the absolute populace will be near 1/2. This Law of Large Numbers can be additionally clarified with the assistance of a Randomly Generated Coin Toss online applet (accessible from http://hspm.sph.sc.edu/COURSES/J716/a01/stat.html). The coin is fair and it has different sides that are similarly prone to come up. At the point when the arbitrary generator is run, the applet shows the extent of heads in the all out populace. In the initial 10 hurls the extent of heads is 0.272 (3 heads and 7 tails). At the point when it is run for a more extended time up to 100 hurls the extent of heads approaches one-half and gets 0.48 (43 heads and 47 tails). For a 1000 hurls the extent of heads become 0.499 (502 heads and 498 tails). This figure will change around 0.5, with the vacillations gradually getting littler and nearly arriving at 0.5. [1] 1) Let's say you flipped the coin once and it arrived on heads. You will expect that on elective hurls you will get a head. In 10 coins are hurled you anticipate that 5 should be heads since the normal level of achievements is half. In any case, as a general rule just three are heads. The distinction between the real and expected number of accomplishments is 2. The real level of number of heads is 20% significance a distinction among genuine and anticipated level of 30%.

Por vs. Para in Spanish

'Por' versus 'Para' in Spanish Two Spanish relational words, por and para, are generally utilized for the English word for. The contrasts between them here and there are unobtrusive, and in this manner por and para are a steady wellspring of disarray for Spanish understudies. Key Takeaways: Por and Para Albeit both Spanish relational words por and para can regularly be deciphered with respect to, they have separate implications and would seldom be able to be utilized as synonyms.Por is frequently used to show who plays out an activity or the explanation behind it being performed.Para is frequently used to demonstrate the aftereffect of an activity being performed. Consider Meaning Rather than Translation In the event that its any encouragement, relational words can be as hard for individuals learning English. For what reason do we once in a while state something is leveled out, and some of the time say something is in charge? For what reason would we say we are in the house however at home? The standards now and then getaway rationale. The way to understanding which relational word to utilize is to think about the importance you need to pass on. On the off chance that I utilize an expression, for example, three for a dollar in English, the for has an unexpected importance in comparison to it does in this book is for you. In the principal case, for shows a trade or a rate, while in the second case it demonstrates a goal or course. Hence the Spanish interpretation of the two expressions are unique, tres por un dã ³lar and este libro es para ti. The accompanying outline shows a portion of the significant employments of these two relational words, including ones not deciphered by for. Utilizations for Por Por is frequently used to demonstrate how something is done or ihe reason for an activity. Despite the fact that the differentiation among cause and result isnt in every case clear, por for the most part isnt used to show the consequence of an activity. Communicating development along, through, around, by, or about: Anduve por las calles de Gijã ³n. (I strolled through the roads of Gijã ³n.) Viajamos por Australia con un Land Rover. (We went around Australia with a Land Rover.)Denoting a period or span when something happens. Viajamos por tres semanas. (Were going for three weeks.) Debes pensar en otras personas por sã ³lo un momento. (You should consider others for only a moment.)Expressing the reason (not the motivation behind) an activity: Me caã ­ por la nieve. (I tumbled down due to the day off.) conflictos originaron por las diferencias culturales e ideolã ³gicas. (The contentions started on account of the social and ideological differences.)Â Hay diferencia entre comer por hambre y comer por placer. (There is a contrast between eating out of yearning and eating for pleasure.)Meaning per: Dos por ciento. (Two percent.) Prefiero comer cuatro comidas por dã ­a. (I lean toward eating four dinners for every day.) Por can li kewise be interpreted as a when a will be a relational word: Leo un libro por semana. (I read one book seven days.) Which means supporting or for: Trabajamos por derechos humanos. (We work for human rights.) No puedo votar por el presidente. (I cannot decide in favor of the president.)Introducing the operator of an activity after an aloof action word:. Therefore, por is frequently utilized in expressing the writer of a book or other composition:Â Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. (It was composed by Bob Woodward.) Ser comido por las aves. (It will be eaten by the birds.)Indicating methods for transportation: Viajarã © por aviã ³n. (I will go via plane.)Â Quiero llegar a Venezuela por barco. (I need to show up at Venezuela by ship.)Used in various articulations: Por ejemplo. (For instance.) Por favor. (Kindly truly act of goodwill some help.) Utilizations for Para Para is frequently used to demonstrate the result of an activity or to show who or what is influenced by an activity. Which means with the end goal of or so as to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una poca de gracia. (So as to move the bamba you need a little effortlessness.) Los transports se usan para ir a la frontera. (The transports are utilized for setting off to the border.)With a thing or pronoun as article, which means to serve or coordinated to: Es para usted. Its for you. Necesitamos mucho dinero para el desarrollo del paã ­s. (We need a great deal of cash for the countrys development.)Meaning to or toward when alluding to a spot: Voy para Europa. (Im making a beeline for Europe.) Salimos para el almuerzo. (We are leaving for lunch.)Meaning by or for when alluding to a particular time: Necesito el regalo para maã ±ana. (I need the present for tomorrow.) Vamos a la casa de mi madre para el balance de semana. (Were heading off to my moms for the end of the week.)

How to Prevent a Child From Using Marijuana

How to Prevent a Child From Using Marijuana Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How to Prevent a Child From Using Marijuana By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 16, 2020 Simon Winnall/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There is no magic bullet for preventing teenage drug use. But parents can be influential by talking to their children about the dangers of using marijuana and other drugs and remain actively engaged in their childrens lives. Even after teenage children enter high school, parents can stay involved in schoolwork, recreation, and social activities with their childrens friends. Research shows that appropriate parental monitoring can reduce future drug use, even among those adolescents who may be prone to marijuana use, such as those who are rebellious, cannot control their emotions, and experience internal distress. Get Involved in Their Lives To address the issue of drug abuse in your area, it is important to get involved in drug abuse prevention programs in your community or your childs school. Find out what prevention programs you and your children can participate in together. There are numerous resources, many rights in your own community, where you can obtain information so that you can talk to your children about drugs. To find these resources, you can consult your local library, school, or community service organization. More Tips for Parents Here are more tips for parents about keeping their children away from substance abuse: Parenting Style Can Make a Difference: You should take a look at different types of parenting styles and figure out which ones can make a difference. Begin the Conversation Early: If your children feel they can talk with you about their problems and you respect their feelings and opinions, they will be less likely to turn to drugs, research has shown. Sit Down Together at the Dinner Table: The number of times you sit down with your children for family meals and actually talk to them is directly correlated with a decreased chance they will become involved in substance abuse, research has found. Take Your Kids to Church: Several scientific studies have found that teens involved in religious activities are half as likely to have substance abuse problems, even if they have a family history of alcoholism. 10 Pictures of Marijuana to Help Identify Different Forms

Case Study of Maple Coursework - 550 Words

Case Study of Maple (Coursework Sample) Content: Case Study on MapleByStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutionCourse NumberInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameDate of SubmissionImpact of Employee Motivation on Workplace PerformanceThe human resource of Maple is concerned with maintaining the morale and motivation amongst the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s stuff as this determines the positive results and feedback that the company will receive. The recession period is a trying period on both the management and employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sides as both parties are not receiving the expected results (Root, 2015). As a result, this could lead to negative attitude to both employees and management (Root, 2015, p. 1). Negative attitude leads to negative morale and as a result poor performance.The human resource of maple is therefore working towards developing positive workplace attitude (LS, p. 2). This can be attributed to the fact that the management of Maple is aware that high-performance workforce is significant for growth and survival of the compan y during the recession period (HBR, 2013). Engagement of employees is hence essential for positive performance.Human Resource Strategies for Employee MotivationDuring recession periods, it is necessary to motivate employees for positive results from the company. There are several strategies that the human resource at Maple should use in order to maintain the morale of their employees (LS, p. 4). Money in terms of incentives, increased payroll can be a major motivator that the Maple managers can use to motivate their stuff team (ACCA, 2014). Stuff can be pushed towards the achievement of targets through bonuses which happen to be mind-blowing and at the same time easily and positively affect the performances of employees (Gardiner, 2015, p. 1).Cost cutting is not a wise move for Maple to use during the recession period as this leads to stress which inhibits performance amongst employees (Wilkinson, 2009, p. 1). Offering a more flexible working environment and hours for employees that can for instance allow for work from home is a strategy which can be used by Maple to keep their employees motivated and enable the company to thrive from the recession period (PB, 2014). Maple can as also reduce the working days of employees as this will justify for the reduced salary and as a result maintain standard performance by the company. Voluntary reduction in incentives and salaries will reduce on cost while at the same time make employees feel valued within the company (Mazumdar, 2015).According to McGuinness (2009), money is not an important factor for employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s motivation. This is a principle Maple can borrow and instead focus on intrinsic motivators whereby an employee gets satisfaction from the outcome of the work (McGuinness, 2009, p. 1). Maple can also concentrate on extrinsic motivators in which an employee gets rewards from achieving a set target (ACCA, 2014). Personal motivators can lead to positive performance due to motivation derived from individua l values (Foot Hook, 2011). Maple can use other people to act as interpersonal motivators to their employees by influencing them positively.Motivators are the major strategy that most organizational managers can use to ensure they maintain a highly efficient working stuff (Roche, et al,. 2011 p. 3). With the use of motivators, Maple will ensure their employees work dedicatedly towards the achievement of a set goal (Reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬em, 2011, p. 6). Maple should for that reason constantly assign duties to the workforce as this will maintains focus and order in the company.The situation at Maple involved making of changes which would in turn affect the salaries of employees. As a result, the management can resolve to use the available resources efficiently and work hand in hand with the stuff member in ensuring that they deliver the best products of quality stands to the consumers (Armstrong, 2014, p. 7). On the other hand, Maple can motivate their employees through offering of relevant training, management development and giving out incentives which will in turn act as motivators to the employees (Armstrong, 2012).References ListACCA. 2004. Managing People. Study text FTC Foulks Lynch: Berkshire.Armstrong M. 2012. Armstrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Handbook of Human Resource management Practice. 12th Edition Kogan page: LondonArmstrong M. 2014. How to be an Even Better Manager. 9th edition: London

Development Of A Child s Development - 829 Words

Development from birth to 19 Introduction For each section of development it is crucial that there is a wide range of ‘normal’ as each child s’ progress is individual. There can also be a delay in development due to constitutional or genetic diseases. There are many things that may influence a child’s development such as; parents, carers and the child’s peer group. There are seven areas of child development : Physical Development Communicational Development Understanding The World Numeracy Literacy Personal, Social Emotional Development(PSED) Art Design Physical Development 0-3 Years - A child’s physical development follows the simple pattern that goes from simple to complex, for example; crawling before standing. At this age a child also develops fine motor skills such as single limb movements and the use of hands. From birth a child can not hold their head up alone therefore a parent or carer has to support it. At this point a child may be able to sit up for a short time without support. Physical development is very important in a child s early years as it enables them to feed themselves with help from a parent or carer. Physical development also enables children to develop their muscles that they’ll need later in life and learn independant skills. By age One children are more under control of their movements. In their second year, children should have better ability to control their movement. During this time a child s fine motor skills develop at aShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of A Child s Development1297 Words   |  6 Pagesoutline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words) As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child’s development. I aim to gain more understanding on how to use observations to evaluate the child’s development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to developRead MoreLearning And Development Of A Child s Development2047 Words   |  9 Pagesoutline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words) As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child’s development. 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This project provided the mothers of San Carlos, Belize with information regarding developmental benchmarks to help detect developmental delays and provide early intervention when needed. This project also provided teacher training, and student access to E-readers in the village of

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Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1016 Words

I used to be normal. I used to have friends and people who cared about me. I used to think I was safe in my mother’s arms. That I could grow up to be the person everyone would admire. But those days are gone. Not a single soul in the world could give a damn about me. Every day I am tormented and abused, and I take it all in because I deserve it. Every day I think of running away, leaving my wretched soul behind. Every day I want to kill myself, but I can never bring myself to. Every day I am an outcast to society, an abomination. Every day that goes by, I am still gay. And I can’t change who I am. I trudge through every school day, i ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬gnoring the taunts and insults thrown at me. â€Å"Fag† and other gay insults constantly shoot at me,†¦show more content†¦The scars are faded now; the pain is permanent. It all started in 7th grade. I was starting to feel attracted towards some of the guy friends I had. I was confused about it, because I used to have fantasies of me with girls. But in 8th grade, I realized that I was in fact gay. I hid it very well actually, so no one assumed anything until the summer of 8th grade. Cole Irwin, the most popular guy in our grade, had a summer bash party at his huge house. I was surprisingly invited, probably due to the somewhat popular guys in my friend group. At his house, I saw that he had invited people from other schools as well. Everyone was dancing, talking, and playing in the pool. It was a blast. Until later. My good friend, Liam, introduced me to a tall blond boy from another school. I was immediately attracted to him. His name was Luke, and we started talking. I learned a lot about him, and all was fine. He asked me if I had a girlfriend and I replied no, a fake pout on my lips. I asked if he did, and to my shock and disbelief, he whispered i nto my ear that he’s gay and no one knew about it. I could tell that he was slightly intoxicated by his breath, and would probably regret telling me this in the morning. I whispered back saying that I was gay and his eyes had lit up. Next thing I knew, he had led me to the balcony and kissed me. This sounds so clichà ©, but sparks flew and everything felt right in the world. â€Å"Michael! Luke! What the hell?† I heard Liam

A Review of Gladiator Essay - 668 Words

A Review of Gladiator Hail Caesar, and the return of the Roman Empire. From Quo Vadis to Spartacus, Hollywood has enjoyed a long and fore filling relationship with the sword-and-sandals epics and Ridley Scott (Alien Blade Runner), has released a monumental spectacle; managing to make this forgotten genre bigger, better and more bloody than ever before. Ridley Scott shines as a director through Gladiator. Not only has he managed to create the multiple plots to this complex epic, but has also used techniques that leave the audience breathless. The latest technology has been used to its full potential in this film, including flowing camera shots, crisp digital Dolby surround sound†¦show more content†¦The main story line follows the brave and true Roman General, Maximus Decimus Meridus who commands his troops with a forceful respect; The opening sequence pits Maximus and his men against their adversaries, the Germanics, in a battle that marks the end of a long campaign to bring peace to the Northern frontier of the Empire. Once achieved, the victorious Maximus returns to the front, only to find that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Richard Harris) intends to name Maximus as successor to the Empire. This being very bad news indeed for the Emperors son Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), who is determined to rule the Empire on his own. Unfortunately he is an arrogant, selfish, and cowardly but skilled Roman who exhibits a twisted insecurity, with a incestuous lust for his sister Lucilla (Connie Nielsen). 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The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Parental Viewpoint Free Essays

O Springer 2009 Journal of Business Ethics (2010) 91:299–311 DOI 10. 1007/s10551-009-0084-2 The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children: Parental Viewpoint ABSTRACT. The children’s market has become significantly more important to marketers in recent years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children: Parental Viewpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have been spending increasing amounts on advertising, particularly of food and beverages, to reach this segment. At the same time, there is a critical debate among parents, government agencies, and industry experts as to the ethics of food advertising practices aimed toward children. The present study examines parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeting children. Findings indicate that parents’ beliefs concerning at least some dimensions of moral intensity are significantly related to their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of food advertising targeting children as well as the perceived moral intensity of the situation. KEY WORDS: parents, children, ethics, food advertising The children’s market has become signi? cantly important to marketers (McNeal, 1998). Many marketers spend millions of dollars on advertising to reach this growing segment (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). More speci? cally, food and beverage companies in the USA spend an estimated US $10–12 billion targeting hildren and adolescents (McKay, 2005). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, children are exposed to more than 7,600 commercials on candy, cereal, and fast food in any given year (Kotz, 2007). The effects of advertising on children have been highly debated among various groups, including parents, researchers, industry experts, and governme nt agencies. One of the primary debates has been the potential impact of food advertising directed at children. A variety of institutions are involved in this debate. Some of these organizations such as public advocacy groups criticize the food companies and elevision networks concerning the increased amounts spent as well as the types of promotional efforts targeted Aysen Bakir Scott J. Vitell at children (York, 2007). Furthermore, statistics provide substantial concern about obesity, showing that approximately 50% of elementary-school children and 80% of teenagers will battle obesity during their lifetime. There is also debate among practitioners on advertising practices directed at children, with even marketing professionals indicating concern about advertising targeted at children. When interviewed, 35% of them consider the general ethical and moral tandards in the industry to be ‘‘lower than in the past,’’ with 40% believing that these standards are ab out the same (Grimm, 2004). Thus, only 25% believe the standards are improved. Some companies have already started taking actions to deal with criticisms and even with government warning. In Europe, soft-drink companies have developed self-regulatory measures to stop advertising junk food and to help tackle child obesity. To avoid stricter laws, soft-drink companies have pledged to stop marketing towards children under 12 years old. The companies also have pledged to limit soft-drink sales at schools (Wentz, 005). Other countries in Europe, however, have been taking an even stricter stance on regulations; for example, starting in 2005, Ireland introduced a ban on celebrities who appear in food and beverages targeted at children (Jardine and Wentz, 2004). Furthermore, some companies have also responded to government calls by promoting active lifestyles when targeting children in food ads. McDonald’s, in the UK, ran a campaign that featured Ronald McDonald and used animated fru it and vegetable characters which were called Yums. These characters urged children to eat right and stay active (Jardine and Wentz, 2004). Given all these statistics showing the potential impact of food advertising targeting children, parents 300 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell are concerned over whether or not marketers have been conducting ethical practices in promoting their products. However, this issue has not received signi? cant attention in the marketing literature. This paper attempts to ? ll this apparent gap by examining parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeted at children. In doing so, it also examines the potential impact of parents’ attitudes toward food advertising and toward the use of nutrition information on their thical judgments and behavioral intentions. Marketing ethics and advertising to children Advertising to children has long been one of the most controversial areas of marketing. The debate ranges from whether or not it is even ethical to advertise to children and includes the types of advertising practices that might be considered ethical. At the center of this debate is food advertising targeted at children. The impact of advertising to children has been shown in previous studies (Goldberg and Gorn, 1974; Gorn and Goldberg, 1977). Findings include the fact that low-income children exposed to a commercial just nce had favorable attitudes towards the advertised product (Gorn and Goldberg, 1977). Furthermore, these authors found that exposure to television ads among 5- and 6-year-old children directly in? uenced breakfast food and snack preferences (Goldberg et al. , 1978). Finally, exposure to advertisements has also been shown to in? uence the frequency of snacking among children (Bolton, 1983). Advertising has been criticized for promoting materialism, persuading individuals to buy things they do not need, and providing false or misleading information (Pollay and Mittal, 1993). Parents’ concerns toward the impact of advertising directed at hildren have risen signi? cantly in the last decade (Hudson et al. , 2008). These concerns have also been expressed by academicians (Moore, 2004). However, only a limited number of studies have examined ethical issues aimed at the children’s segment (Ahuja et al. , 2001; Hudson et al. , 2008). Despite these increased concerns and the ensuing debate, parents’ ethical views of food advertising targeting children have not been examined in the marketing literature. Ethical judgments and behavioral intentions Understanding how parents view and make decisions about ethical issues targeted at children is important to marketers. Several factors might in? uence ethical decision-making, including situational factors (Hunt and Vitell, 1986) and individual differences (Hunt and Vitellm, 1986; Jones, 1991). Ethical (or unethical) behavior is in? uenced directly by the ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of the individuals. An individual’s ethical judgment is de? ned as ‘‘the degree to which he or she considers a particular behavior morally acceptable’’ (Bass et al. , 1999, p. 189). Ethical judgments have been considered a central construct in several ethical decisionmaking models (Dubinsky and Loken, 1989; Hunt and Vitell, 1986; Jones, 1991). These decision-making theories provide an understanding of how an individual’s behavioral intentions and ethical judgments are relevant to making decisions in situations involving ethical issues; for example, the theory of reasoned action suggests that individuals act in a manner consistent with their attitudes. On the other hand, other factors might cause individuals to develop behavioral intentions that might be inconsistent with their attitudes (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). Past research has also shown that individuals are more likely to state their behavioral intentions if they perceive the situation as ethical (Bass et al. , 1999). Furthermore, Hunt and Vitell (1986, p. 9) de? ned behavioral intentions as ‘‘the likelihood that any particular alternative will be chosen. ’’ The authors also suggest that ethical judgments would impact the individual behavior through behavioral intentions. Overall, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions are important constructs to gain insights regarding advertising directed at children. Attitude toward food advertising As noted, research examining parents’ attitudes toward advertising, particularly to food advertising, directed at children is limited. Past studies examined the relationship between family communication atterns and parental reactions toward advertising (Rose et al. , 1998), and parental involvement The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children and authoritative parenting and attitude toward advertising (Carlson and Grossbart, 1988). Only one study examined the relationship between attitude toward food advertising and p arental styles (Crosby and Grossbart, 1984). The authors found differences regarding attitudes toward food advertising based upon parental styles, with more authoritative parents being more concerned about children’s food advertising as compared with more permissive parents. Governments and health advocates in different countries are trying to introduce stricter regulations on food advertising targeting children since they blame marketers for increased levels of childhood obesity. In France, food marketers are faced with choosing between paying a 1. 5% tax on their ad budgets to fund healthy-eating messages or else adding a health message to commercials. In Canada, one-third of children between 2 and 11 years old are overweight and some marketers are promoting healthy lifestyles for children. Given the different proportions of childhood obesity problems from ne county to the next, multinational food marketers such as McDonald’s now have differing strategies in each country based on how they must undertake this global challenge (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). Clearly, advertisers have been questioned about their ethical standards. Although there is increased discussion among parents regarding the potential impact of advertising and concern about how eth ical (or unethical) advertising practices are towards children, this issue has not been adequately researched. Since the relationship between parents’ attitude toward food advertising and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions f the advertising tactics targeted at children has not been examined in the marketing literature, this study focuses on those parental perspectives. Therefore, based upon the previous discussion, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward food advertising will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H2: Parents’ attitude toward food advertising will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H1: 301 Attitude toward use of nutrition information Concerns about children’s nutrition include multiple actors. Some of these concerns are centered on nutrition de? ciencies in children’s diets due to economic facto rs, poor eating habits, and inadequate nutritional knowledge of parents. The government has taken several steps to deal with children’s nutrition problems by being involved in school lunch programs, regulation of children’s advertising, and nutrition education in schools (Crosby et al. , 1982). Research has also shown the positive impact of parental in? uence and nutrition education (Grossbart et al. , 1982). Parents’ attitudes toward the use of nutrition vary from one parent to the other. Furthermore, parents, particularly mothers, wield a signi? cant impact on children’s consumption of a balanced diet and exposure to a variety of foods. Previous research has shown that mothers who endorsed nutrition information had more positive attitudes toward nutrition and expressed more concerns about food advertising targeted at children (Crosby et al. , 1982). Therefore, it is further hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H4: Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition nformation will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H3: Moral intensity Jones (1991) de? nes moral intensity as ‘‘the extent of issue-related moral imperative in a situation’’ (p. 372). Furthermore, he suggests that ethics-related contexts vary with their level of mo ral intensity. Jones (1991) identi? ed six categories (magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, concentration of effect, proximity, and social consensus) of the moral intensity construct. The ? rst four items refer to the various dimensions of harm the action might cause. More speci? cally, magnitude of consequences refers to the cumulative 302 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell harm (or lack thereof) the action might cause. Probability of effect refers to the likelihood that the action will cause harm (or lack thereof). Temporal immediacy refers to ‘‘the length of time between the present and the onset of consequences of the moral act in question (shorter length of time implies greater immediacy)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376). The concentration of effect refers to the number of people who would believe that the action would cause harm (or lack thereof). Proximity is the ‘‘feeling of nearness social, cultural, psychological, or physical)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376) that the individual has for those affected by the action in question. Finally, social consensus is the extent of the feeling that action taken is good (or not). Moral intensity is a multidimensional construct that measures the moral intensity of the si tuation. Ethical decision-making process must be in? uenced by the perception that the potential action has a moral or ethical facet that needs to be evaluated (Barnett, 2001). For marketing practitioners, studies have shown that perceived moral intensity affects the perception of ethical problems in various situations Singhapakdi et al. , 1996a; Singhapakdi et al. , 1999). Furthermore, past studies also have shown that moral intensity in? uences behavioral intentions of the individuals in ethics-related situations (Robin et al. , 1996; Singhapakdi et al. , 1996a). Also, Hunt and Vitell (1986) suggest a theoretical link between intentions and ethical judgments. Therefore, moral intensity would also be expected to in? uence ethical judgments. The relationship between moral intensity and ethical judgments and behavioral intentions has also been empirically shown (Barnett, 2001; Vitell et al. , 2003). Thus, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ attitude toward moral intensity will be positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H6: Parents’ attitude toward moral intensity will be positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H5: contexts (e. g. , Singhapakdi et al. , 1996c; Singhapakdi et al. , 1999). Forsyth (1980) suggests that idealism and relativism can be considered as individual differences that might impact individuals’ judgments of moral issues. Idealism measures an individual’s acceptance of universal moral absolutes. This construct focuses on the assumption that, if ight actions are taken, this will lead to desired outcomes. On the other hand, relativism measures individual’s rejection of universal moral tenets (Forsyth, 1980). Therefore, the conceptualization of these constructs might suggest that individuals who are more idealistic would be more likely to have higher ethica l judgments and behavioral intentions. Previous research provides some support for these relationships (Singhapakdi et al. , 1996c). Relativism is de? ned as a belief that moral standards are relative to one’s culture or society. Forsyth (1992) also indicates that relativistic individuals might ormulate their decisions based on skepticism and evaluate situations based on other than ethical principles. Furthermore, relativistic individuals evaluate what is right or wrong based on the speci? cs of the situation (Park, 2005). Forsyth (1992) also indicates that idealism and relativism are not contrary concepts, but rather independent of each other; for example, an individual might have high scores both on idealism and relativism, which indicates that the person might simultaneously accept absolute moral rules and yet also evaluate the alternatives available based upon the speci? c situation and its possible onsequences. Therefore, parents would evaluate each of the advertising ta ctics directed at their children on a situation-by-situation basis. Since food advertising directed at children has received signi? cant attention recently due to the health concerns of children and increased obesity rates (York, 2007), speci? c types of advertising tactics such as potentially developing unhealthy eating habits might be received more negatively due to their apparent impact on children. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: Parents’ idealism will be related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at hildren. H8: Parents’ idealism will be related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H7: Idealism and relativism Idealism and relativism have been used to measure moral philosophies in various marketing-related The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Parents’ relativism will ethical judgments of the geted at children. H10: Parents’ relativism will behavioral intentions of targeted at children. H9: be related to their food advertising tarbe related to their the food advertising Method Sample The survey was sent to parents at several schools ocated in the Midwest. The researchers contacted the schools and got permission to send the survey to parents at the schools that agreed to participate in the study. The number of schools that participated in the study provided signi? cant diversity in terms of economic background. The majority of the sample included educated and employed middle-income families. Of the 1,020 surveys sent, 189 surveys were completed, for a response rate of 18. 52%. Of the 189 surveys, 28 surveys had missing data for individual questions. Among the respondents, 78% were mothers and the rest of were fathers. Table I isplays the complete demographics of the respondents. Procedure Once the school principals gave permission, the researchers contacted the teachers from kindergarten to eighth grade. The teachers in each grade sent the ques tionnaires home to parents with the children. Once the parents ? lled out the questionnaires, the children returned the completed questionnaire to the schools. Measures and reliability The dependent variables were behavioral intentions and ethical judgments. The independent variables were moral intensity, idealism, relativism, attitude toward food advertising aimed at children, and ttitude toward the parents’ use of nutrition information. 303 TABLE I Demographics of the respondents Variable Parent Mother Father Age of the parent 29 years old or under 30–39 years old 40–49 years old 50–59 years old Education level of the parent High-school degree Some college degree College graduate Some graduate study Graduate degree Household income (US $) 100k Work status of the parent Working full time Working part time Not working No. of children One child Two children Three children Four children More than four children % 78. 1 21. 9 4. 8 48. 9 39. 8 6. 5 5. 4 19. 4 38. 7 5. 4 31. 2 12. 2 14. 5 26. 6 3. 9 22. 8 67. 9 17. 1 15 18. 7 42. 2 27. 3 7. 5 4. 3 Moral intensity This scale measures parents’ attitude toward moral intensity in a given situation. This construct was developed by Jones (1991) and includes six dimensions. However, the scale used to measure the construct was developed by Singhapakdi et al. (1996b). Responses were measured by a seven-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The harm dimension included three variables: magnitude of consequences, temporal immediacy, and concentration of effect. The other two items were proximity and social consensus. The reliability of the harm scale was 0. 85 for the 304 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell ?rst scenario, 0. 91 for the second scenario, and 0. 86 for the third scenario. Idealism and relativism This scale measures the extent of individual’s acceptance of moral absolutes, whereas the relativism scale measures the extent of individual’s rejection of universal moral principles. The two scales were developed by Forsyth (1980). The ten items for each scale were measured utilizing a seven-point Likerttype scales, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 83 or idealism and 0. 84 for relativism. Attitude toward food advertising This scale measures parents’ attitudes toward food advertising directed at children. The scale is adapted from a Carlson and Grossbart (1988) study and includes six items. The parents’ extent of agreement was measured by a ? ve-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 80. Attitude toward use of nutritional information This scale measures parents’ use of nutritional information. The scale was originally developed by Moorman (1998) and includes four items. The parents’ extent of agreement toward the use of nutritional information were measured by a ? ve-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliability of the scale was 0. 82. Scenarios This study utilized three scenarios to measure parents’ behavioral intentions and ethical judgments relative to speci? c situations. Ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were then measured by using a seven-point Likert scale asking the respondents the extent they agree/disagree with the questions. For measuring ethical judgments, the following statement was used, ‘‘I consider the action taken to e very ethical,’’ whereas for measuring behavioral intentions, the following statement was used, ‘‘I would be likely to take the same action in this situation. ’’ Therefore, a greater degree of agreement with the action taken indicates that the respondents had higher ethical levels of behavior al intentions and ethical judgments. At the end of each scenario, the action taken by an advertiser was presented. The scenarios focused on addressing some of the current advertising practices used to target children. The ? rst scenario addresses the use of ‘‘advergames’’ targeting children. Children are playing these games n the Internet in a branded context. The games provide product-related information and even ask children to contact their friends. The second scenario focused on some of the highly debated advertising practices at schools. A food company sponsors programs at schools and child care centers. During visits, the company provides entertainment with well-known characters and exposes children to samples of their potentially unhealthy food products. The third scenario centers on a candy and cereal company who is considering selling books that spotlight the client’s brand. Children can play and learn counting by using sugar-? led sweets an d cereals. The books use the company’s brand as an example in their plays and counting. The scenarios were pretested. The results indicated that most respondents believed that the actions taken by the advertisers in all of the scenarios were unethical. The majority of the respondents also indicated that they disagreed with the actions taken in the three scenarios. Data analysis and results The hypotheses were tested separately for each of the three scenarios. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the hypotheses. H1 measured whether parents’ attitude toward food advertising is ositively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. The three scenarios tested did not indicate signi? cant differences. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 926; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 933; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 724. Thus, parents’ attitude toward food advertising was not related t o their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H2 measured whether parents’ attitude toward food advertising is positively related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. Again, none of the three scenarios resulted in signi? cant differences. The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children 305 TABLE II ANOVA analysis: scenarios 1, 2, and 3, dependent variable: ethical judgments Variable Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Idealism Relativism Attitude toward Attitude toward Scenario 1 p Value harm consensus proximity food advertising use of nutrition Scenario 2 p Value Scenario 3 p Value 0. 000 0. 095 0. 288 0. 206 0. 200 0. 926 0. 093 F(7, 152) = 26. 835 0. 000 0. 037 0. 772 0. 166 0. 006 0. 933 0. 822 F(7, 158) = 11. 334 0. 000 0. 000 0. 255 0. 633 0. 60 0. 724 0. 127 F(7, 160) = 21. 468 TABLE III ANOVA analysis: scenarios 1, 2, and 3, dependent variable: behavioral intentions Variable Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Moral intensity: Idealism Relativism Attitude toward Attitude toward Scenario 1 p Value harm consensus proximity food advertising use of nutrition Scenario 2 p Value Scenario 3 p Value 0. 000 0. 000 0. 091 0. 732 0. 162 0. 854 0. 223 F(7, 153) = 18. 707 0. 000 0. 002 0. 539 0. 186 0. 036 0. 643 0. 116 F(7, 157) = 17. 721 0. 000 0. 005 0. 809 0. 567 0. 081 0. 554 0. 004 F(7, 160) = 16. 315 The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 8. 707, p 0. 854; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 643; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 554. Thus parents’ attitude toward food advertising was not related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. Tables II and III display these ? ndings. H3 measured whether parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information is positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. The three scenarios tested did not indicate signi? cant differences. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 35, p 0. 093; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 822; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 127. H4 measured whether parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information is positively related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. There were no signi? cant differences regarding the ? rst two scenarios, but there were signi? cant differences on the third scenario among parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information and its relation to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. The ANOVA esults were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 223; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 116; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 004. H5 measured whether parents’ attitude concerning moral intensity is positively related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. Moral intensity was measured by three separate dimensions: harm, social consensus, and proximity. There were signi? cant differences on the harm construct among three scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 8 36, p 0. 000; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 000; 306 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 000. Furthermore, there were signi? cant differences on the social consensus construct for the second and third scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 095; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 037; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 000. Finally, there were no signi? cant differences on proximity among three scenarios. The ANOVA results were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 836, p 0. 288; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 772; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 55. Thus, overall H5 was at least partially supported. H6 measured whether parents’ attitude concerning moral intensity is positively related to their behavioral intentions relative to the food advertising targeted at children. Parents’ attitude toward the harm and social consensus dimensions indicated signi? cant differences among three scenarios. The ANOVA results for harm were: scen ario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 000; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 000; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 000. The ANOVA results for social consensus were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 00; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 002; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 005. On the other hand, parents’ attitude toward proximity did not indicate any signi? cant differences among three scenarios. The ANOVA results for proximity were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 091; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 539; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 809. H7 measured whether parents’ idealistic moral philosophy is related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. Parents’ idealism was not signi? cantly related to their ethical udgments. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 835, p 0. 206; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 166; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 21. 468, p 0. 633. H8 measured whether parents’ idealistic moral philosophy is related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. Again the results were not signi? cant. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 732; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 186; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 567. H9 measured whether parents’ relativistic moral hilosophy is related to their ethical judgments of the food advertising targeted at children. H10 mea- sured whether parents’ relativistic moral philosophy is related to their behavioral intentions of the food advertising targeted at children. H9 and H10 were partially supported. Parents’ relativism was signi? cantly related to ethical judgments and intentions for the second scenario. The ANOVA results for idealism were: scenario 1: F(7, 152) = 26. 835, p 0. 200; scenario 2: F(7, 158) = 11. 334, p 0. 006; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 2 1. 468, p 0. 060. There were no signi? ant differences among parents’ relativism regarding the behavioral intentions for the ? rst and the third scenarios. The ANOVA results for relativism were: scenario 1: F(7, 153) = 18. 707, p 0. 7162; scenario 2: F(7, 157) = 17. 721, p 0. 036; and scenario 3: F(7, 160) = 16. 315, p 0. 081. Discussion This paper examined parents’ views of the ethics of food advertising targeted at children. The marketing literature, surprisingly, has not examined this topic. This study attempts to ? ll this gap by examining how parents view various types of food advertising directed at children. Children as consumers have ecome signi? cantly more important to marketers in the last decade. Marketers have heavily promoted their products to this segment and spent millions of dollars on advertising to reach this segment (Jardine and Wentz, 2005). Food advertising represents a signi? cant portion of all advertising spending for marketers while food a dvertising targeted at children has received signi? cant criticism from both parents and public policy-makers. The ? ndings of the study provide interesting insights. Parents were asked to respond to three different scenarios outlining various food advertising strategies directed at children. Furthermore, parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were measured for the three scenarios. One of the independent variables was parents’ attitude toward food advertising. The ? ndings indicated that parents’ attitude toward food advertising did not affect their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions concerning speci? c food advertising directed at their children. One of the reasons for not ? nding a signi? cant relationship might be due to the measurement of other food advertising practices targeted at children in the scenarios that was not included in the The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children cale measuring attitudes toward food advertising. This ? nding provides important implications for marketers which might indicate that parents evaluate speci? c food advertising targeted at children independently of their potential views on general food advertising directed at children. Thus, marketers who are cognizant of the potential harm of advertising to children might still be highly regarded by consumers even if the consumer, in general, has negative or skeptical views of advertising to children. Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutrition information displayed interesting ? ndings. The third scenario, in particular, focused on speci? c implications of a food product that might have unhealthy eating implications for children. Parents’ attitude toward the use of nutritional information for this scenario was related to their behavioral intentions. On the other hand, there were no signi? cant relationships between an attitude toward the use of nutrition and ethical judgments of food advertising targeted at children for any of the scenarios, including scenario 3. Parents might have not perceived using well-known characters to distribute food company products at schools and child care acilities to have any potential harm. The lack of a relationship between an attitude toward the use of nutritional information and ethical judgments of food advertising targeted at children should be considered on a scenario-by-scenario basis; for example, for the ? rst scenario, it might be that parents did not really think the advergames and the use of well-known characters to distribute food company products at schools and child care facilities presented any potential unethical practices. Particularly, advergames are new promotional tools used on the Web to attract adults and children within a branded context. Advergames are somewhere between advertising and computer games and include product-related information from the companies with the use of games or part of a game (Nelson, 2002; Mallinckrodt and Mizerski, 2007). Past studies also suggest that advergames might be more persuasive for young children than traditional advertising (Oanh Ha, 2004). Parental awareness of advergames targeting children needs further investigation in future research. Future research should also examine how parents use nutritional information in their food purchase decisions to have a better understanding of the relationship between attitude 307 oward use of nutrition information and ethical perspectives regarding food advertising. Moral intensity signi? cantly affected parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. This ?nding offers signi? cant implications for marketers and public policy-makers. Parents indicated concerns regarding the potential harm of various food advertising targeting childre n in the three scenarios. It is important that marketers should be more careful when they create their advertising tactics targeting children. It might also be that more regulations might be needed to address parental concerns regarding the potential effects of food dvertising. The moral intensity measure of proximity was not signi? cantly related to the ethical judgments and behavioral intentions of parents. Proximity measures the ‘‘feeling of nearness (social, cultural, psychological, or physical)’’ (Jones, 1991, p. 376) that the individual has for those affected by the action in question. It might be that parents considered the action taken unethical whether the results affected their friends/relatives or not. The ?ndings relative to social consensus and its effect on their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions were signi? cant, in most instances. Thus, parents did consider what others might think about a speci? c situation when forming their ethical judgments and intentions. The ethical perspectives of idealism and relativism also provide some insights regarding parents’ ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Findings indicated that there is no signi? cant relationship between parents’ attitude toward idealism and their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Parents, in this study, may not have perceived the scenarios as situations that should carry universal moral absolutes. On the other hand, parents’ attitude toward relativism signi? antly affected their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions but only for the second scenario. Relativism might be more likely to in? uence opinions on a situation-by-situation basis. The second scenario in particular expressed potential unhealthy effects on children. Therefore, parents might have perceived this scenario as involving questionable ethical pr actices. Our study has some limitations. Although parents were instructed to ? ll out the questionnaire individually or as a couple, we could not verify whether or not they communicated with each other. This raises the 308 Aysen Bakir and Scott J. Vitell possibility of a potential demand artifact. Secondly, although survey methods provide important information on individuals’ perceptions and beliefs, qualitative methods would bestow more detailed information on parents’ perceptions and attitudes. Future research should focus on more qualitative techniques to have a deeper understanding of perceptions and attitudes. Third, our ? ndings provide insights only from parents in the Midwestern USA. These ? ndings are not yet generalizable to other cultures or subcultures. Understanding parents’ perspectives on advertising directed at children is important. Future research should focus on a more detailed parental perspective to uncover how parents make judgments on whether advertising directed at children is ethical or not. Qualitative studies might provide more in-depth understanding. Uncovering these issues might minimize the discrepancy between parents and marketers. The debate on the effects of food advertising targeted at children has intensi? ed in the last several years among academicians, public policy-makers, and marketers. Companies need to respond better to the food-related debates in society, particularly to those related to healthy eating and ethical food marketing. In conclusion, our ? ndings assist both research and theory in the children’s advertising ? eld. With the increasing prominence of ethics in business/ marketing research, this study presents important ?ndings that advance our understanding of the potential antecedents to the ethical decision-making process for parents in situations involving advertising directed toward their children. We trust that the results generated by this research can be successfully used to guide future ethics research projects in this growing ? eld. Appendix A: scenarios Scenario 1 A food company whose products are, in part, argeted at children is planning to use ‘‘adver- games’’ (online games in which a company’s product or brand characters are featured). It is also considering encouraging children to contact their friends about a speci? c product or brand as part of their new advertising campaign. The company is considering using the internet, rather than more traditi onal media such as television, due to the highly debated relationship between aggressive food advertising and increased obesity among children. Action: The company decided to use Internet advertising for their new campaign. Scenario 2 An advertising agency recommended that their client sponsor programs at schools and visit child care centers. These sponsored programs would make a ?nancial contribution to each school and child care center. During these visits the company would provide entertainment with the company’s wellknown characters and provide a sample of the company’s food products to children. If they do this, children who are less than 5 years old would be introduced to a range of products that might be considered ‘‘unhealthy. ’’ Action: The sponsor decided to conduct these visits to the child care centers/schools and provide a sample of their products. Scenario 3 A candy and cereal company is considering selling books that spotlight the client’s brand. These children’s books provide content on ‘‘counting and playing. ’’ Children can play checkers with various fruit-? avored candies and can learn to count using various forms of calorie and sugar-? lled sweets and cereals. The books use the company’s brand as an example for the ‘‘counting and playing’’ content. Action: The candy and cereal company decided to sell these books to children. The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children Appendix B: scale items 309 APPENDIX B continued Moral intensity 4. The overall harm (if any) done as a result of the action would be very small Harm 2 The action will harm very few people, if any Harm 3 The action will not cause any harm in the immediate future Proximity If one were a personal friend of the person(s) harmed, the action would be wrong Social Most people would agree that the action is consensus wrong 5. Harm 1 6. 7. 8. Idealism 9. 1. A person should make certain that their actions never intentionally harm another even to a small degree 2. Risks to another should never be tolerated, irrespective of how small the risks might be 3. The existence of potential harm to others is always rong, irrespective of the bene? ts gained 4. One should never psychologically or physically harm another person 5. One should not perform an action which might in anyway threaten the dignity and welfare of another individual 6. If an action could harm an innocent other, then it should not be done 7. Deciding whether or not to perform an act by balancing the p ositive consequences of the act against the negative consequences of the act is immoral 8. The dignity and welfare of people should be the most important concern of any society 9. It is never necessary to sacri? ce the welfare of others 10. Moral actions are those which closely match ideals of the most ‘‘perfect’’ action 10. Attitude toward food advertising 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2. 3. There are no ethical principles that are so important that they should be part of any code of ethics What is ethical varies from one situation and society to another Moral standards should be seen as being individualistic; what one person considers to be moral may be judged to be immoral by another person There is too much food advertising directed at children Advertisers use tricks and gimmicks to get children to buy their products Advertising to children makes false claims about utrition content of food products There is too much sugar in the foods advertised to children Advertising teaches children bad eating habits Advertising directed at children leads to family con? ict Attitude toward use of nutritional information Relativism 1. Different types of moralities cannot be compared as to ‘‘rightness†™â€™ Questions of what is ethical for everyone can never be resolved since what is moral or immoral is up to the individual Moral standards are simply personal rules which indicate how a person should behave, and are not to be applied in making judgments of others Ethical considerations in interpersonal relations are so complex that individuals should be allowed to formulate their own individual codes Rigidly codifying an ethical position that prevents certain types of actions could stand in the way of better human relations and adjustment No rule concerning lying can be formulated; whether a lie is permissible or not permissible totally depends upon the situation Whether a lie is judged to be moral or immoral depends upon the circumstances surrounding the actions 1. 2. 3. 4. 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